With improving knowledge of the controlling mechanisms for normal and abnormal facial development, it is logical to pursue healthcare strategies in the first instance to prevent craniofacial anomalies arising, with discussion of risks with genetic counseling, possibly future gene therapies and the follow up with minimally invasive or non-surgical, scarless procedures to correct craniofacial anomalies such as cleft lip and palate and control vertical and horizontal growth particularly of the upper and lower jaws and nose. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.001, Hennessy, R. J., Lane, A., Kinsella, A., Larkin, C., OCallaghan, E., and Waddington, J. L. (2004). PLoS Genet. J. Hum. 10, 8287. These people did not come from Japan but further north where they were sculpted by the last glacial maximum.. PLoS One 12:e0176566. Alum Jim Carson answered last month's question about the Fleischmann Planetarium correctly. Biol. J. Orthod. Rare Mendelian mutations, low frequency segregating variants, copy number variants and common variants contribute to complex phenotypes. doi: 10.1093/ejo/18.6.549, Van Otterloo, E., Williams, T., and Artinger, K. B. Toxicol. 13, 105108; discussion 109110. Hoyme, H. E., Kalberg, W. O., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Buckley, D., Marais, A. S., et al. Previously published studies that have identified gene-phenotype associations which provides evidence of associations for complex facial traits which can be integrated into prediction models. This is the reason why several Native American reservations are viewed as independent of state laws and as such, the actions of such people are only subject to federal law and tribal courts. (2016). For instance, the reintroduction of horses to North America brought a change to the way of life by making hunting, warfare and trading a lot more effective while also ensuring an improvement in the transportation system. How do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend? Scott also noted that the teeth of the aboriginal Japanese populations show a significant Austral-Melanesia presence. Natl. 214, 291302. It has been hypothesized that deleterious coding variants may directly cause congenital anomalies while non-coding variants in the same genes influence normal-range facial variation via gene expression pathways (Shaffer et al., 2017; Freund et al., 2018). Indeed, a previous study demonstrated that a major risk locus for non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P), in a non-coding interval, is involved in the regulation of gene expression in the developing murine face (Uslu et al., 2014) while another study found some evidence that nsCL/P genetic variants may influence nsCL/P risk via changes in DNA methylation and gene expression (Howe et al., 2018b). J. Orthod. From Webster's Dictionary, 1911. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Genet. Currently, there are at least 33 legally backed definitions. 4: Meet GAIN Scholar Jess Buelow, The GAIN Scholars program provides resources to first-generation and historically underrepresented graduate students, Subscribe to the Nevada Weekly newsletter, Anthropologists debunk popular theory that Native Americans originated from Japan, Researchers analyzed over 1,500 dentitions and found no evidence that Native Americans came from Japan, Expand or Collapse to view popular links for this site, Expand or Collapse to view links grouped by top level headings. Our websites may use cookies to personalize and enhance your experience. Med. There was also greater asymmetry in the nsCL/P group (LEFTY1, LEFTY2, and SNAI1) (Miller et al., 2014). O allele molecular characterization could aid in elucidating the possible causes of group O predominance in Native American populations. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have investigated the association between normal facial variation and millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Navajo-people, Utah History Encyclopedia - Navajo Indians, Utah Division of State History - I love History - The Navajos, Navajo - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Navajo - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). This has been proposed as a method to build a profile of facial features from a sample of DNA (Claes et al., 2014) but could also be used to determine previous health history or future health risks (Idemyor, 2014). A 3D morphometric perspective for facial gender analysis and classification using geodesic path curvature features. Association between prenatal alcohol exposure and craniofacial shape of children at 12 Months of Age. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20249, Miller, S. F., Weinberg, S. M., Nidey, N. L., Defay, D. K., Marazita, M. L., Wehby, G. L., et al. A general model of dioxin contamination in breast milk: results from a study on 94 women from the Caserta and Naples areas in Italy. Today, people in American culture, have access to foods, ideas, and trade from all over the world, causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent, this process is know as _____ . Guide for finding books, articles, data, and other information for anthropology topics. Nat. There is evidence that nsCL/P genetic risk variants have an additive effect on philtrum width across the general population. Sci. Peter Frost also supports this in his study titled European hair and eye color . Pediatrics 138:e20154256. Genet. Int. Genet. Some of the terminology used in reference to indigenous Americans is explained in Sidebar: Tribal Nomenclature: American Indian, Native American, and First Nation; Sidebar: The Difference Between a Tribe and a Band; and Sidebar: Native American Self-Names. Sci. There was reduced facial convexity (SNAI1), obtuse nasolabial angles, more protrusive chins (SNAI1, IRF6, MSX1, MAFB), increased lower facial heights (SNAI1), thinner and more retrusive lips and more protrusive foreheads (ABCA4-ARHGAP29, MAFB) in the nsCL/P relatives compared to controls. Craniofacial enhancers have also been identified acting between the non-coding regions and proposed as a possible instrumental factor in some cleft cases (Wilderman et al., 2018). The typical Native American family had around three to four children . The loss and recovery of these belts, says Bruchac, can be linked to the loss and recovery of Native American culture over time. B., Blair, B. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3415, Som, P. M., and Naidich, T. P. (2014). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60964-5_59. 67, 261268. Lets face itcomplex traits are just not that simple. Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A., Playle, R., and Richmond, S. (2008). A little farther down the National Mall, the Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History still holds more than two million archaeological objects from Indigenous cultures within the U.S. and thousands of ancestral remains. Upon the creation of the United States of America, the Native American Tribes were viewed as a semi-independent group of people because they resided in areas different from the British settlers. Non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P) is a birth defect with a complex etiology, primarily affecting the upper lip and palate (Mossey et al., 2009; Dixon et al., 2011). 44, 270281. Orthodont. (2018). There is the potential for relationships between medical and facial conditions to be explored using genetic summary data. Assessment and judgment of the face and body can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Egyptians when mathematical methods such as Fibonacci series and the golden proportion (1:1.618) were applied to art and architecture as a method of defining attractiveness and beauty (Ricketts, 1982). 24, 286292. Anthropologists are reckoning with collections of human remainsand the racism that built them. doi: 10.1126/science.aag0776, Fink, B., and Penton-Voak, I. Rep. 7:2441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02721-0. Forensic Sci. Shared genetic pathways may influence both normal-range variation in facial morphology and craniofacial anomalies. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00190, Freund, M. K., Burch, K., Shi, H., Mancuso, N., Kichaev, G., Garske, K. M., et al. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x, Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A. I., Playle, R., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., and Richmond, S. (2012). Int. Genetic interactions or epistasis may also explain the low levels of variance recorded. There are shovel-shaped teeth behind the tooth. 9:462. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00462. Anthropology as an academic field evolved out of the burgeoning subject of sociology in Europe in the 19th century, focusing on small-scale cultural groups in Africa, Asia and the Americas. 45, 414419. Heritability in the genomics eraconcepts and misconceptions. The prevalence of lip vermilion morphological traits in a 15-year-old population. refers to one's cultural background or national origin. Today, we will take a look at the Native American Features and other related matters. J. Hum. There are many imaging systems available to capture the external facial surface topography such as photography, lasers, photogrammetry, magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT). Illustrated review of the embryology and development of the facial region, part 1: early face and lateral nasal cavities. Bruchac will also serve as the Katrin H. Lamon Fellow in residence at the School for Advanced Research (SAR) in Santa Fe, New Mexico during the 2011-2012 academic year. With any change in face shape the complex processes and communications at the biological and genome levels need to be identified and explained. Armstrong, D. A., Green, B. J. Anat. Behav. Asymmetry is preserved in some of these techniques. Hammond, P., and Suttie, M. (2012). Frontonasal dysmorphology in bipolar disorder by 3D laser surface imaging and geometric morphometrics: comparisons with schizophrenia. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr233, Richmond, S., Toma, A. M., and Zhurov, A. I. (2001). The region is mainly arid, however, and generally will not support enough agriculture and livestock to provide a livelihood for all of its residents. (2017). 36, 373380. Guide to the staging of human embryos. The Columbian exchange had a rather negative effect on Native American culture via a clash of culture. Table 2 highlights that genetic variants influencing facial morphology can have pleiotropic effects on parts of the body independent to the brain and surrounding craniofacial structures (e.g., cardiovascular, endocrine, gastro-intestinal, central nervous, musculo-skeletal and uro-genital systems). These days, America decides which tribes it intends to go into official partnerships with via a process known as Federal recognition. A genome-wide association scan in admixed Latin Americans identifies loci influencing facial and scalp hair features. Pueblo artistic influences drew Navajo people to adopt painted pottery and weaving; Navajo rugs are particularly fine examples of this art form. Nose shape and climate. (2011). The HIrisPlex-S system for eye, hair and skin colour prediction from DNA: introduction and forensic developmental validation. Int. A Critical Evaluation of Facial Characteristics and Their Association with Antisocial Behaviour and Psychosis. Surg. Tens of thousands of people are gathering in New Mexico for what organizers bill as the largest powwow in North America, Learn about the efforts of the National Museum of the American Indian to preserve Native American culture, traditions, and beliefs. 41, 161176. The ones who survived went ahead to form relationships with the American government using tools like treaties. 15, 335346. Nat. PLoS Genet. doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0403, Jablonski, N. G., and Chaplin, G. (2010). 268, 3944. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093442, Lange, S., Shield, K., Koren, G., Rehm, J., and Popova, S. (2014). The important link between facial variation and nsCL/P is highlighted by a study comparing facial morphologies (linked to genes) of children with nsCL/P and unaffected relatives. Vernon Finley, director of the Kootenai Culture Committee, grew up observing his grandfathers interactions with the onslaught of anthropologists who came to record Kootenai tribal elders stories. Development 129, 46474660. There have also been several notable personalities who have come from the Native American stock and seems like more will likely still come. J. Hum. Surg. Res. J. Epidemiol. doi: 10.1002/rcs.352, Bhatia, S. N., Wright, G. W., and Leighton, B. C. (1979). B., and Prahl-Andersen, B. Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y. Proc. There is some evidence to suggest that there are additive genetic effects on nose shape involving SOX9, DCHS2, CASC17, PAX1, RUNX2, and GL13 and chin shape, SOX9 and ASPM. Kennewick Man and Ancient One are the names generally given to the skeletal remains of a prehistoric Paleoamerican man found on a bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington, on July 28, 1996. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.10.019, Cole, J. Parsons, T. E., Downey, C. M., Jirik, F. R., Hallgrimsson, B., and Jamniczky, H. A. (2010). College of Liberal Arts recognizes the outstanding achievements of faculty, staff and students, Faculty, staff and students honored at annual awards ceremony, Sagebrushers season 2 ep. Native American visitors, particularly parents, told the museum that the presence of the dioramas made it look like all Native people were dead and gone. She was State Archaeologist of Iowa from 2002 to 2006. bioRxiv. Fr. (2010). The discipline itself has had well under 100 enrolled tribal members in its entire history since 1902. Genome-wide association study reveals multiple loci influencing normal human facial morphology. During the 18th century, some Hopi tribal members left their mesas because of drought and famine and joined with the Navajo, particularly in Canyon de Chelly in northeast Arizona. Noggin and retinoic acid transform the identity of avian facial prominences. doi: 10.2217/epi-2017-0081, Kim, J. J., Lee, H. I., Park, T., Kim, K., Lee, J. E., Cho, N. H., et al. In some cases, I find materials that would not be accessible to me if I wasnt Native. (2012). Both the cheers and outcry the apology has spawned mirror a larger social justice reckoning inside academic institutions and professional associations. 143, 845854. Nat. Non-genomic transgenerational inheritanceof disease risk. These factors can then affect reproductive behavior and lead to population-level changes in facial variation as certain facial phenotypes are favored. Scott is quick to point out that the research published on the archaeological site in New Mexico has nothing to do with population origins, only the timing of entry into the New World. Genet. Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study. (2016). J. Neuroradiol. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. At the dawn of the 16th century ce, as the European conquest of the Americas began, indigenous peoples resided throughout the Western Hemisphere. Defining facial shape can be undertaken in different ways but it is important to appreciate that there will be associations with not only with other facial features but also body phenotypes and medical conditions. Am. BMC Genomics 19:481. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4865-9, Chaitanya, L., Breslin, K., Zuniga, S., Wirken, L., Pospiech, E., Kukla-Bartoszek, M., et al. It applies to animals, plants and human beings. Behav. ORahilly, R. (1972). Howe, L. J., Sharp, G. C., Hemani, G., Zuccolo, L., Richmond, S., and Lewis, S. J. Native American, also called American Indian, Amerindian, Amerind, Indian, aboriginal American, or First Nation person, member of any of the aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere, although the term often connotes only those groups whose original territories were in present-day Canada and the United States. This article is a survey of the culture areas, prehistories, histories, and recent developments of the indigenous peoples and cultures of the United States and Canada. B., et al. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (2010). (2014a). eds G. J. Huang, R. S., K.W.L. In cleft lip tissue, limited evidence was found for an association between LINE-1 methylation and maternal exposures but conclusions were limited by modest sample sizes (Khan et al., 2018). However, if the facial shell is reflected on to the opposite side any facial asymmetry will be lost. Reported shared influences of medical conditions, normal facial variation with associated genes. How Indigenous Groups Are Using 3-D Technology to Preserve Ancient Practices. Modifications to chromatin through methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation or other processes are known to influence gene expression. A genome-wide association study of cleft lip with and without cleft palate identifies risk variants near MAFB and ABCA4. 224, 688709. Similarly, it has been hypothesized that maternal smoking may influence facial morphology and be a risk factor for cleft lip and palate (Xuan et al., 2016) with DNA methylation a possible mediator (Armstrong et al., 2016). 396, 159168. Copyright 2018 Richmond, Howe, Lewis, Stergiakouli and Zhurov. J. Med. B Biol. The development of the face involves a coordinated complex series of embryonic events. New genetic evidence suggests that Kennewick Man, an 8,500-year-old skeleton found in Washington state, is related to members of a nearby Native American tribe. Vis. (2011). PLoS Comput. Molecular studies have shown that the growth, structure and patternation of the facial primordia is controlled by a series of complex interactions that involves many factors such as fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog proteins, bone morphogenetic proteins, homeobox genes Barx1 and Msx1, the distal-less homeobox (Dlx) genes, and local retinoic acid gradients (Barlow et al., 1999; Hu and Helms, 1999; Lee et al., 2001; Ashique et al., 2002; Mossey et al., 2009; Marcucio et al., 2015; Parsons et al., 2015). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015410, Marazita, M. (2007). (2018). doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3182583bd1, Jablonski, N. G., and Chaplin, G. (2000). Bilibid prisoners' body size, brain weight, skin colour, facial features and other physical attributes were selectively correlated with other colonial constructions of Filipino individuals and groups, such as 'wildness' and political maturity. 281:20141639. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1639, Rachdaoui, N., and Sarkar, D. K. (2014). doi: 10.1097/00001665-200201000-00024, Farnell, D. J. J., Galloway, J., Zhurov, A., Richmond, S., Perttiniemi, P., and Katic, V. (2017). Knowledge awaits. Maternal active smoking and risk of oral clefts: a meta-analysis. Researchers nearly always interpreted them incorrectly, Finley recalls. Similarly, the naso-labial angle will be associated with nose prominence and DCHS2 is linked to both traits. B., Manyama, M., Kimwaga, E., Mathayo, J., Larson, J. R., Liberton, D. K., et al. She coedited. Child 41, 454471. 5 min read. (2013). Despite the promise of early craniofacial epigenetic studies, there are important caveats worth noting. Bruchac is looking forward to working at the School for Advanced Research and with the American Philosophical Society, both of which promote Native American anthropology. 6:737. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00737, Bird, A. Biol. doi: 10.1038/nrg3706. Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. 19:1192. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.110, Brinkley, J. F., Fisher, S., Harris, M. P., Holmes, G., Hooper, J. E., Jabs, E. W., et al. Facial surfaces that are captured in supine and prone position often show slight differences (Munn and Stephan, 2018). A blind accuracy assessment of computer-modeled forensic facial reconstruction using computed tomography data from live subjects. There were subtle differences between males and females in relation to the relative prominence of the lips, eyes, and nasal bridges including minor facial asymmetries (Toma et al., 2008, 2012; Wilson et al., 2013; Abbas et al., 2018). Anthropology Final-ANT 100 Lacquament. Only seven percent of the total Jomon and Ainu samples could be linked to non-Arctic Native Americans, considered the First Peoples. (2018). (2015). doi: 10.2174/157015907781695955, Wilde, S., Timpson, A., Kirsanow, K., Kaiser, E., Kayser, M., Unterlnder, M., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.12.005, Pound, N., Lawson, D. W., Toma, A. M., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A. I., and Penton-Voak, I. S. (2014). Sci. 34, 22332240. This work will result in a book titled Consorting With Savages: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists.. Genome-wide meta-analyses of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts identify novel associations between FOXE1 and all orofacial clefts, and TP63 and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Dental anomalies as part of the cleft spectrum. 42, 17691782. Wampum belts were taken by anthropologists, stolen by dealers, or confiscated by state agents, while some were sold to private collectors under suspicious circumstances. It, therefore, suffices to say that no one can originate from a place if his or her ancestors are not from that place. DNA methylation mediates genetic liability to non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. 13:e1007081. This initiative has been facilitated by the availability of low-cost hi-resolution three-dimensional systems which have the ability . Orthod. To quantify facial features, landmarks have been traditionally used, taken either directly from the face or derived from photographs or radiographs. Biol. Keywords: 3D imaging, admixture, ancestry, facial variation, geometric morphometrics, facial genetics, facial phenotyping, genetic-environmental influences, Citation: Richmond S, Howe LJ, Lewis S, Stergiakouli E and Zhurov A (2018) Facial Genetics: A Brief Overview. Prevention may be challenging (other than continually improving environmental conditions and reducing exposure to potential epigenetic factors) as facial development occurs very early in gestation during a period whereby the mother is often unaware she is pregnant. Part A 143, 11431149. One possibility is that these variants may influence facial phenotypes through gene regulation pathways involving epigenetic processes. Exp. For instance, the PAX3 gene is associated with eye to nasion distance, prominence of the nasion and eye width, side walls of the nose, and prominence of nose tip. More-complex rites involve a specialist who is paid according to the complexity and length of the ceremonial. Phenotype-specific enrichment of Mendelian disorder genes near GWAS regions across 62 complex traits. 130, 556559. Schizophr. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 9:e1003375. An assistant professor and coordinator of Native American and indigenous studies at UConns Avery Point campus, Bruchac studies the collection of Native American materials by anthropologists for use in museums worldwide. 5 Can a full blooded Indian have blue eyes? Jaenisch, R., and Bird, A. PLoS One 6:e14821. Genet. Genet. FutureLearn: Online Courses and Degrees from Top Universities Rep. 5:17788. doi: 10.1038/srep17788, Xuan, Z., Zhongpeng, Y., Yanjun, G., Jiaqi, D., Yuchi, Z., Bing, S., et al. Although, he agrees that its not hard to envision people traveling up from Japan and down the Pacific coast, studies of ancient DNA point to an origin closer to Siberia. Cleft lip and palate. The genome is comprised of 3.2 billion nucleotides wrapped in octomeric units of histones (chromatin). Natl. There are about 566 federally recognized tribes in America. Orthod. Im going back to the Native American communities that worked most closely with the early anthropologists to determine precisely how they were anthropologized, and to seek memories of those early encounters.. doi: 10.1038/ng.580, Beaty, T. H., Taub, M. A., Scott, A. F., Murray, J. C., Marazita, M. L., Schwender, H., et al. Scientists think that there are three races namely the Negroid, Caucasoid and the Mongoloid. (2018a). But others are not. PLoS Genet. Kau, C. H., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A. I., Knox, J., Chestnutt, I., Hartles, F., et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004724, Hallgrimsson, B., Percival, C. J., Green, R., Young, N. M., Mio, W., and Marcucio, R. (2015). Over time, facial morphology across populations has been influenced by various factors, such as migration, mate-choice, survival and climate, which have contributed to variation in facial phenotypes. Sharman, N. (2011). Ancestry and physical appearance are highly related; it is often possible to infer an individuals recent ancestry based on physically observable features such as facial structure and skin color. A widely accepted theory of Native American origins coming from Japan has been attacked in a new scientific study, which shows that the genetics and skeletal biology 'simply does not match-up.' With increased sample sizes, improved understanding of shared genetic influences on human traits and advancement in techniques there is likely to be significant further progress in the next 6 years. Furthermore, elders were never told what the visitors intended to do with this information. These transcriptional factors may be limited to detail the precise facial shape or can be quickly activated in rapid periods of growth and development. Sci. bioRxiv. (2018). The use of ordinal and quantitative measures has been explored reporting good correlation with inter-alae and lower lip distances (r = 0.7) and poor association for naso-labial angle (r = 0.16) (Adhikari et al., 2016). Investigating the shared genetics of non-syndromic cleft lip/palate and facial morphology. (2017). Normal facial development is dependent on Cranial Neural Crest Cells and correctly spatially positioned and differentiated tissues and structures that influence the shape and morphological features of the face. Face height (28.8%), width of the eyes (10.4%) and prominence of the nose (6.7%) explained 46% of total facial variance (Toma et al., 2012). The timing, vectors and duration of surges in facial growth tend to be different for males and females and between populations contributing to overall facial variation (Kau et al., 2010; Hopman et al., 2014; Richmond R.C. It is also not like the large bony upper brow and large jawline of the Caucasians. Combined face-brain morphology and associated neurocognitive correlates in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Perception of health from facial cues. Comparative studies are an essential component of all scholarly analyses, whether the topic under study is human society, fine art, paleontology, or chemistry; the similarities and differences found in the entities under consideration help to organize and direct research programs and exegeses. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Its a very exciting time to be doing this work.. Inside the human body, in Creation, ed. Facial phenotypes can influence mate choice and be under selection pressures. 134, 751760. Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology surface changes in untreated children from 12 to 14 years of age. (2016). Different genetic models, genotyping and imputation techniques have been employed and the between-study heterogeneity should be considered. Clin. Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Although evolution and adaptation have led to a situation where humans are becoming more alike, it goes without saying that Native Americans will always possess features that stand them out from the crowd. Strong levels of phenotypic and genotypic spousal assortment have been previously demonstrated for height (Robinson et al., 2017) and similar methods could be applied using facial phenotypes to explore the influences of facial morphology on mate choice. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 90, 478485. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
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