They still practice reme ghyapkin, the turn system, in the community and household works by sharing responsibilities to maintain harmony among the community members. The Loba people practice polyandry, where a woman marries multiple men. Structures wrought by the wind and other elements over millions of years and looking like Grecian Corinthian or Ionic columns rose towards the sky. The annual turn is followed in traditional leadership (ghenba, midhi, and chhime). today. Many of the young Loba people are waiting expectantly and anxiously for the road's completion, but many older residents are hesitant about what it will mean for their culture and identity. They roast both animal and plant based food. In-depth interviews with 15 farmers, 10 traders, 5 Buddhist monks (Lamas/ religious leaders), 1 Amchi (Himalayan traditional healer), two development practitioners, two local teachers, and two village heads have been conducted by the researcher, along with field research assistants. The Loba people believe in the In Upper Mustang polyandry is practiced by Loba communities. Goldstein, Melvyn C. 1971. This region has also been recognized as a meeting place for Buddhist scholars of different sects, both by native and foreign origin, even from distant places such as Magadha (India), Simhala (Sri Lanka), Balyul (Kathmandu), Khache (Kashmir), and Bod (Tibet) (Dhungel 2002). The Last King of Mustang, the 21st descendant of King Ame Pal1440 (Dhungel 2002), died in 2016. And there were hundreds waiting to get there. 2000. Polyandrous brothers share a wife by turn, as managed by the wife. The Lobas categorize themselves into two broad religious and householders categories. As a result, crops are destroyed by extreme weather events, which may bring seasonal famine for ordinary people. Similarly, Ojha (1986) highlighted economic life; Pissel (1965) presented the general description of Loba from a Tibeto-centric perspective; Sharma & Gurung (2056 BS:2000 AD) documented religious sites; and Tulachan (2003) focused on tourism. This is a unique feature of the Loba, but one that is slowly diminishing. The Loba who live in the Kingdom of Mustang remain one of the most isolated peoples in the world, both geographically and spiritually. This kind of buckwheat cake smeared with The content of the song is mostly The legend of the ancestors of the Loba Starting from a very young age, and young boys start to join adults in hunting. : 2000 AD BLo(Mustang) Ko Saskritik Sampada (In Nepali Cultural Heritage of Mustang). These tasks used to be performed in the form of reme ghapkin, the turn system, particularly while working for the Gomba and the palace (Table 2). It is multi-sectoral practice (Fig. Their life has become much more comfortable in this harsh environmental condition and the impact of modernization is to be prized. countryside. In 2016, during the harvest of grass and crops, the common people were requested and labors presented one person per household to collect fodder and harvest crops for the King. In Krishna B. Bhattachan, Pasang Sherpa and Pasang Dolma Sherpa (Eds.) Today, most Lhoba people are Lhoba households are farmers but hunting is the central activity of Lhoba men. language family. Culture is a very deep topic but the simplest way to define it is that culture is a group of people's values, norms, assumptions and behaviors. The traditionally built structures and the common colors seen in the houses perhaps reflect the Loba culture. Another issue is that some people have given up crop cultivation, but started fodder and tree farming, demanding a lot of irrigation during high water demand. Building monasteries and Gomba are the founding traditions in Lo-manthang; where three main Gombas, which are about five centuries old, are located. Furthermore, Amepal, the first King of Lo, played a significant role in the spread of the Lamaism in the Sakyapa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Additionally, managing the irrigation system has become a big challenge because the Upper Mustang region is becoming drier every year (Khatri & Pandey 2021). Village municipality developmental works are mostly done by these in-migrant workers since the members of the Loba community are not much interested in such labor works. The Loba people informally still recognized the former prince as the King. Rapid cultural change: a case study of polyandry Marriage system among the Gurung Community from Upper Mustang, Nepal. language, and a few people speak Tibetan. However, nowadays, people see other socio-economic opportunities instead of just being a Lama. It is common for a Loba woman to be married to several men, a practice known as polyandry. Aani Gomba was found in Thinger, Tsarang, and Lo-manthang in the past. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v11i0.18822. In the long-term collection activities, the Lhoba people understand from some of the unique wild plants to extract the fiber, remove the gum after drying into a line after the formation of woven cloth raw materials, used to weaving. Jiayingguan, commonly known as the Longwang Temple of the Yellow River, is located in Jiayingguan Township, Wuzhong County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, China. In fact, there are no regular bus services to Jomsom; one has to go hunting for the odd tour operator willing to risk his bus on the route. caps. Left Coast Press. There was not a soul to ask, no dwelling, no marker, nothing. The clothes of the Loba people are The continuity and changes, and the turn systems are the major mechanisms adopted by the Loba to cope with changing socio-economic, and environmental conditions. Mustang is a windy, arid, high altitude desert. to wear a sophisticated belt, which is made of rattan, leather, wool and In Upper Mustang, Lo-manthang, different traditional institutions, such as the King, Lama, Ghenba, and Dhongba, prevail and have played different roles in maintaining the socio-political positions of the place, which is crucial in sustaining the environmental as well as the social system. ing Tibetan culture, making it one of the last pockets of tradition-al Tibetan life left in the world. This is a crucial aspect of niche construction based on equality, focusing on irrigation of agriculture fields and management of pasture land, mostly during scarce periods. Dhongbas work for the King during crop cultivation and harvesting time. By the afternoon, newspapers in Latin America and Spain teemed with tributes. The semi-structured checklist was prepared to guide the KII to seek information on institutions that govern their unity with the Lo kingdom, craft their norms, values, beliefs, perceptions, and adaptive strategies to cope with the changing socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions. If we had followed Sumans original plan, there would have been no respite from boulders, rocks and slopes for the next eight days. Both men and women of the Loba nationality like world and the social development is slow. Thus, Lamas are always supportive of the overall ecosystem, and warding the socio-cultural and psychological well-being of Loba people whenever they are in pain, panic, and trouble. Traditionally, the means of transportation used to be the draught power, particularly the mules and horses to carry goods and oxen for farm-plough. The ghenba system has three key positions in Lo-manthang. Nowadays, another challenge emerged that many people are willing to pay money instead of playing the role of chhime. The Loba live in the Mustang District of northern Nepal, at altitudes of between 11,000 and 13,000 feet. For this reason, people often sleep on the terraces during the summer to escape the heat. They are part of the South Asian Buddhist people cluster within the South Asian Peoples affinity bloc. different. In the festivals of the Loba people, Please abide to our community guidelines for posting your comment, Tamil Nadu cabinet to keep Finance Minister PTR amidst controversy, How Maruti Suzuki tried to turn men into machines at Manesar, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, At least 4 civilians killed in Ukrainian shelling on Russian village: governor, Galwan hero's wife becomes Army officer; posted to eastern Ladakh, RBI asks borrowers with total exposure of 5 crore and above to obtain LEI, IPL Points Table 2023 updated after CSK vs PBKS: Chennai Super Kings stays fourth, Punjab Kings displaces RCB at fifth, Online video games vs online real money games: Not one and the same. All those heaps of rocks that we would have climbed seemed like a models ramp compared with this ride. Archaeological investigation of the region shows that the Loba people have settled in the region and cultivated crops for around 3000years (Knorzer 2000). The selection of the KII was based on informants experience and their knowledge of the respective theme of the study. Just a few years back, the King used to organize a feast at the time of Loshar (the New Year Festival) for all the Loba people in Lo-manthang. 2068. The major changes observed during this period and their implications in the life of Loba Community of Upper Mustang are briefly discussed below: The analysis of meteorological data shows the rise of temperature and decrease in rainfall in the Upper Mustang (Khattri 2021; Khattri & Pandey 2021). "Now we only have 52. Most Lhoba people are animist but a significant portion of the population believes in Tibetan Buddhism (although they still mix animist traditions with this relatively new religion). Marriage among/between the children of two brothers is called ruru; and marriage between children of two sisters shya-shya is considered incest and sinful. NEFIN & CIPRED. The Lobas speak the Tibeto Burman language and follow different sects of Tibetan Buddhism. The village workers function as watchmen, look after public taps, including whether people use them for washing clothes, as the rules prohibit them from doing so. There are more than 100 ethnic/indigenous groups in Nepal, which constitute about 35% of the country's total population as of 2011 (Central Bureau of Statistics [CBS] 2012). ethnol. There is no native These local institutions are cooperating well, successfully regulating, managing, and protecting agricultural, forest, and pasture lands, and maintaining the monuments in Lo-manthang for centuries. Rules of society are based on the values of respect and honor. The monarch also protects the livelihood of the Loba community by maintaining peace and harmony among the Loba people through formal rules and regulations. The University does not have a policy of granting formal ethical approval for low-risk research ideas such as this. Only 2,000 permits are issued every year, and most of them during the Tiji festival in May. The Loba livelihood includes agriculture, livestock management, trade/seasonal, tourism, and labor migration. The Mustangi King initiated the dialogue as some traders were violating the customary monopoly of the salt trade (Uprety 1980). Kagbeni is the jumping-off point for the Upper Mustang trek and Muktinath. The kitenta brought together artists, poets, musicians and craftsmen supported by royal and court patronage. This practice was also a part of population control. All rights reserved. Everything in Lo has to come from the plains. The village head political system of Lower Mustang is described by Vinding (1994), in which two village heads, a treasurer, and six village workers are elected each year by the villagers, which is different from the formal politico-administrative governance unit of the state. The ru is understood as bone and related to the fathers line; and shya is flesh related to the mothers line. This paper is a product of multiple fieldworks in different villages of Upper Mustang, Nepal, between 2012 to 2016. In Anthropology of Climate Change: From Encounters to Actions (pp. The province used to be an independent kingdom within Nepal until 2008 when Nepal itself became a republic and the Mustang king lost his title. The Dhongbas are units of production of the local social-ecosystem that are entitled to use local resources within the context of the institutions agreed rules, norms, and values. Chuksang village (2,965 m) en route was ripe with apples, plums and apricots. It will not be long before roads open up this region and allow it to be swallowed up by mainstream life. They arrange all the business and support to strengthen the economy of the palace. Social equity in farmer-managed irrigation in the Terai of Nepal. The popular way of cooking is putting the game in fire and covering by ashes to prepare for eating. Although dilapidated and open to the sky in many places, it houses priceless murals in reasonably good condition.
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