PEG is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment. Polyethylene glycol compounds are widespread in household products from skin care and cosmetics, to baby wipes and cleaners. The truth is, we live in an increasingly toxic world. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is made from ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol), the main ingredient in antifreeze. Lets explore some of the common uses for polyethylene glycol. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2022-252979. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using. Pregnant women, children and infants under four years of age have lower levels of an enzyme known as alcohol dehydrogenase. The estimated exposure to propylene glycol through foods in the US is 15 mg per pound (34 mg/kg) per day (9). The names it may be listed under include: Common foods include soft drinks, marinades and dressings, cake mix, frosting, popcorn, food coloring, fast foods, bread and dairy products (6, 35). Like the two glycols, it is a sweet, syrupy liquid. Gooey drinks and foods may have brominated vegetable oils, BVO's, or some form of a petrochemical commonly referred to as PEG, or a derivative of it. It gives soft drinks a tangy flavor and prevents the growth of mold and bacteria. Polyethylene Glycol, a defoaming agent, is generally vegan but may be derived from animal sourcesanimal sourcesAnimal source foods (ASF) include many food items that come from an animal source such as fish, meat, milk, eggs, honey, cheese and yogurt. While theres certainly no need to be alarmed when it comes to exposure to polyethylene glycol, being mindful and proactive can go a long way in protecting yourself and your loved ones from its potentially toxic effects. Crown Copyright 2020. Anaphylactic reactions to macrogol are rarely reported. Rather its a category of compounds in which polyethylene and glycol have been bonded together. Heres what you need to know. Constipation is a common and uncomfortable problem for humans, as 20 percent of the general population experience this issue [ 1 ]. Modified from Banerji A et al. Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization. Should You Remove Carrageenan from Your Diet? Propylene glycol is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (8). Polyethylene glycol, also known as polyethylene oxide, is a synthetic polymer made from ethylene oxide. Polyethylene glycol is a free-flowing white powdery substance when it is kept below 55 degrees celsius and is thus easily soluble in water at the same temperature. It was derived from propene. Theres no denying that polyethylene glycol is incredibly useful, but it has also been stirring up some controversy having been linked to some undesirable effects with frequent ingestion or from contamination read more below. and transmitted securely. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Even some ice cream flavors contain propylene glycol. Its chemical structure is CH 3 CH [OH]CH 3 OH. Polyethylene Glycol is just as bad as Propylene glycol. a PEG with n = 9 would have an average molecular weight of approximately 400 daltons, and would be labeled PEG 400). With thousands of medications containing either PEGs or structurally similar polysorbates, Cosby A. Stone Jr., MD, MPH, and colleagues at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine The main sign of toxicity is depression of your central nervous system, causing a low heart rate, slow rate of breathing, and loss of consciousness., Allergic reactions:A small number of people are allergic to propylene glycol. Additionally, it is used in industrial products like paint, antifreeze, artificial smoke and e-cigarettes (2, 6). This content does not have an English version. Clin Exp Allergy. [47] Since purification and separation of pure oligomers is difficult, the price for this type of quality is often 101000 fold that of polydisperse PEG. Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (pol ee ETH i leen; GLYE col) prevents and treats occasional constipation. Clin Exp Allergy. Bookshelf Common names: Polyethylene glycol 3350, PEG 3350 Available dosages: OTC products are available in either pre-measured 17 g packets or bulk powder. Stop taking polyethylene glycol 3350 and call your doctor at once if you have: Common side effects of polyethylene glycol 3350 may include: This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Polyethylene glycol has a low toxicity and is used in a variety of products. 2023 Apr;46(4):343-355. doi: 10.1007/s40264-023-01277-5. Also, it is widely used in makeup and cosmetics such as skin care, and hair care products. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. These products are all called PEGs. This can lead to a buildup of propylene glycol and lactic acid in the bloodstream, causing symptoms of toxicity (9, 15). [48], PEGs potentially contain toxic impurities, such as ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane. It is an odorless, colorless, flammable, viscous liquid. Propylene glycol is a colorless, nearly odorless, thick liquid. Ethylene glycol has a sweet taste and is often ingested by accident or on purpose. Some websites state it is safe, while others claim it causes heart attacks, kidney and liver failure and brain problems. Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the National Library of Medicine While his symptoms were also due to the alcohol, some could be attributed to the propylene glycol (10). The BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Increases the Contractile Sensitivity to Histamine and Parasympathetic Activation in a Human Ex Vivo Model of Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. So if you enjoyed this article and are looking for even more ways to take control of your and your familys health, I encourage you to head over and browse through my blog. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. they are polydisperse). The rest is broken down in the body into lactic acid (1, 14). Brand names: ClearLax, GaviLAX, Gialax, GlycoLax, MiraLax, Crisafulli S, Cutroneo PM, Luxi N, Fontana A, Ferrajolo C, Marchione P, Sottosanti L, Zanoni G, Moretti U, Franz S, Minghetti P, Trifir G. Drug Saf. Very Important A change in. Do not save for later use. [44][45] Allergy to PEG is usually discovered after a person has been diagnosed with an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including processed foods, cosmetics, drugs, and other substances that contain PEG or were manufactured with PEG. Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used as a laxative to treat occasional constipation or irregular bowel movements. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a biocompatible, synthetic, hydrophilic polyether compound that has many applications, mostly in the medical industry, but also in the chemical and industrial. Towards the best approach to PEG allergy. It can also be slit or spun into synthetic fibres or modified . Industry provided EFSA with five use levels of polyethylene glycol (E 1521) in foods for food supplements. 18.9) with molecular weights less than 20,000 g/mol are called PEG, while those having values above 20,000 g/mol are named PEO.It is reported that PEG is soluble in water, ethanol . For relief of constipation, you can take one dose of MiraLAX at any time of the day for up to 7 days. This makes it very useful as a food additive, so it can be found in a wide variety of processed foods and drinks (2). Most PEGs include molecules with a distribution of molecular weights (i.e. See additional information. MiraLAX usually produces a bowel movement in 1 to 3 days. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Jill Carnahan, M.D., A.B.F.M., A.B.I.H.M., I.F.M.C.P., uses functional medicine to help people find the answers to the cause of their illness and the nutritional and biochemical imbalances that may be making them feel ill. Functional medicine is personalized medicine that deals with root cause of disease instead of just treating symptoms. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000). Take a peek in your make-up bag, at the lotion in your bathroom cupboard, or the bottle of shampoo in your shower. The main sign of toxicity is central nervous system depression. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Propylene glycol is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid with a faintly sweet taste. Exactly how dangerous PEG truly is, is yet to be determined. Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Propylene glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water. Non-reproductive organ system toxicity (moderate) and Contamination concerns (high) SYNONYMS. polyethylene glycol plus sodium picosulfate-magnesium . Skin Testing and Basophil Activation Testing Is Useful for Assessing Immediate Reactions to Polyethylene Glycol-Containing Vaccines. However, there are some simple yet powerful steps you can take to protect yourself against polyethylene glycol and other harmful toxins. These symptoms disappeared within 6 hours (31). 2021 Jun;61(6):832-835. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1824. Animal studies also demonstrate that very high doses of propylene glycol can rapidly decrease heart rate, cause low blood pressure and even cause the heart to stop (25, 26). If you have any of these conditions, you could have dangerous or life-threatening side effects from polyethylene glycol 3350. Polyethylene glycol, or PEG for short, is a type of compound that's derived from the by-products produced during the refinement of petroleum, natural gas, or coal. The answer to this question is its complicated. They are used commercially in numerous applications, including foods, in cosmetics, in pharmaceutics, in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, as solvents, in ointments, in suppository bases, as tablet excipients, and as laxatives. It is best that you do not eat any solid food for 3 to 4 hours before you start using this medicine. Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a laxative solution that increases the amount of water in the intestinal tract to stimulate bowel movements. Skin tests were undertaken to the index medications and to PEGs of different molecular weights. What Is Polyethylene Glycol? It is the most widely used plastic in the world, being made into products ranging from clear food wrap and shopping bags to detergent bottles and automobile fuel tanks. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) or macrogols are hydrophilic polymers found in everyday products such as foods, cosmetics, and medications. Examples of packaged foods that contain the product include: Apart from using it as a preservative and flavor enhancer, food manufacturers also use propylene glycol as an emulsifier, a texturizer, and a processing aid to enhance food's appearance. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. We present 5 cases of confirmed PEG allergy, which to our knowledge is the largest case series to date. Phosphoric acid is a colorless, odorless crystalline liquid. PEGs have many industrial, food and pharmaceutical uses. Do not take more of it, do not take it more often, and do not take it for a longer time than your doctor ordered. 2023 Jan 28;11(2):282. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020282. Drug information provided by: Merative, Micromedex Take this medicine only as directed by your doctor. Polyethylene glycol 3350 may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. If you are using the bottle, measure the powder with the measuring cap (bottle top). You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to polyethylene glycol, or if you have a bowel obstruction or intestinal blockage. This article examines its benefits and side effects to determine how it affects your health. When ethylene glycol (molecular weight, 62.07) polymerizes, reacts with itself (in water), the reaction yields a variety of products containing varying numbers of ethylene glycol units. Because of their affinity for dissolving in and attracting water, PEGs are regularly utilized in cosmetics as:4,5. From: Multifunctional Systems for Combined Delivery, Biosensing and Diagnostics, 2017 View all Topics Add to Mendeley About this page Polymers in Biology and Medicine PEGs are used to keep all ingredients in solution and to increase the shelf-life and stability of the products. Propylene glycol is sometimes confused with ethylene glycol, as both have been used in antifreeze due to their low melting points. Other Concerns. One of them developed severe unspecified neurological symptoms (30). All PEGs readily dissolve in water and do not change the color, odor or taste of the water. Polyethylene glycol is also found in several things you use every day: toothpaste, skin creams, and laxatives. While these populations may be at increased risk of toxicity in the case of very high exposure from medication, there is no research indicating any harm from the amounts found in the diet. And whether or not these side effects also extend to adults and geriatric patients will require further studies as well. The HELP (Hepatic Encephalopathy: Lactulose vs Polyethylene Glycol 3350-Electrolyte Solution) study was approved by the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center institutional review board and by the Parkland Health and Hospital System. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. This article investigates what propylene glycol is, why it is used and whether it is dangerous to your health. An algorithm is proposed to safely investigate suspected PEG allergy, with guidance on PEG molecular weights and skin test dilutions to minimize the risk of systemic allergic reaction. The polyethylene is used to make the plastic film that will eventually become the sandwich bags. Chances are, if you scroll through the list of ingredients, youll likely find the abbreviation PEG somewhere on that list. PEGs are soluble in many organic solvents. PEG is used in medicines for treating disimpaction and maintenance therapy for children with constipation. There's no nutritional value, so why does your almond and soy milk have carrageenan? The cream was used for treating burns that covered 78% of his body (27). Propylene glycol is also an anti-caking agent, antioxidant, dough strengthener, emulsifier, flavor agent, formulation aid, stabilizer and thickener, glazing agent, texturizer, and antimicrobial agent (helping to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms, like bacteria or fungi that may contaminate food). choose food is a simple strategy which patients found signi-cantly easier to follow and the exibility of the White Diet allows patients to individualize the diet according to per-sonal dietary preferences. Both A. V. Loureno and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols. The natural red dye is largely made from vegetables like, beetroot, carrots, cherries and elderberries, or it can be obtained from the cochineal insect, known as Dactylopius coccus. For contact dermatitis, avoid products containing it that come into contact with the skin. Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Different types of macrogol exist according to their molecular weight from 300 g/mol to 10,000,000 g/mol [ 2 ]. To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have: nausea, vomiting, or severe stomach pain; if you have had a sudden change in bowel habits that has lasted 2 weeks or longer. [53] The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts. Addition of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based laxative to a liquid that has been thickened with a starch-based thickener may counteract the thickening action, placing patients with dysphagia at a . 2023 Jan;16(1):100740. doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100740. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. J Clin Pharmacol. The numbers that are often included in the names of PEGs indicate their average molecular weights (e.g. In addition, propylene glycol can cause irritant contact dermatitis. Prolonged angioedema after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Some websites claim that propylene glycol increases the risk of heart disease and heart attacks. Xanthan Gum Is This Food Additive Healthy or Harmful? Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a synthetic, hydrophilic, biocompatible polymer with widespread use in biomedical and other applications. Polyethylene glycol is an ingredient in many laxatives, in about 30% of tablets and is used as a surfactant in many injectable formulations, where a prolonged effect is needed, such as in depot steroids. Clin Immunol. He developed symptoms of toxicity, including non-responsiveness and irregular heart rhythms, but recovered after the vitamin solution was stopped (28). Epub 2021 Feb 28. It plays a huge role in medical and pharmaceutical industries, but is also used in everything from food processing and polyutherane manufacturing to cleaners and detergents. Propylene glycol and ethylene glycol have similar physical properties and uses. Thats why Im dedicated to bringing you easy-to-understand and easy-to-implement tips to take the confusion out of healthy living. To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Drug class: Laxatives. However, as reported by Murali et al., PEG is very sensitive to sonolytic degradation and PEG degradation products can be toxic to mammalian cells. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, as indicated by a number following the name. Pour the powder into 4 to 8 ounces of a cold or hot beverage such as water, juice, soda, coffee, or tea. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Drug information provided by: Merative, Micromedex. While these symptoms may sound scary, it should be emphasized that many different medications and substances can cause similar symptoms when ingested or given in quantities that cause toxicity. People with eating disorders (such as anorexia or bulimia) should not use this medication without the advice of a doctor. Polyethylene glycol 3350 should produce a bowel movement within 1 to 3 days of using the medication. They both have low melting points and are used in antifreeze, but theyre not the same., The product comes in various grades for use in different applications. On top of that most PEG ingredients are contaminated with carcinogens as you indicated unless a very costly removal process is used. This enzyme is essential for the breakdown of propylene glycol (1, 9, 20). It's used in many products because it helps them maintain their. Dosage forms: oral kit (-), oral powder for reconstitution (-) Moghaddas F, Tsiougkos N, Grammatikos A, Bright PD, Johnston S, Gompels M. World Allergy Organ J. There is only one documented case of toxicity caused by food. There have been no reports of neurological changes due to propylene glycol in foods. Polyethylene glycol (PEG): "Found in certain vitamins and industrial antifreeze. The most common signs are skin reactions, dermatitis, and a rash on the face or the whole body., Increased risk of a heart attack: When propylene glycol is injected in high amounts, it leads to rapid heart rate, heart rhythm problems, or low blood pressure.. [44], PEG, PEO, and POE refer to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. Stir this mixture and drink it right away. PEGylation is the act of covalently coupling a PEG structure to another larger molecule, for example, a therapeutic protein, which is then referred to as a PEGylated protein. For anyone wanting to stay clear of harmful chemicals, avoiding petrochemicals is a must. PEG That Reaction: A Case Series of Allergy to Polyethylene Glycol. In one report, an 8-month-old child suffered loss of heart function and subsequent brain damage after being treated with silver sulfadiazine cream that contained propylene glycol. FAIM depends on public donations to continue its work. In Europe, it is only allowed to be used in food as a solvent for colors, emulsifiers, antioxidants and enzymes, with up to 0.45 grams per pound (1 gram/kg) allowed in the final food product (9). Additionally, it can dissolve some substances better than water and is also good at retaining moisture. Accessibility While its well-known among the medical community that PEG can trigger an allergy, cause digestive upset, or lead to electrolyte imbalances, there have been more and more reports of neurological symptoms associated with polyethylene glycol. Some additives enhance flavor, while others help in food preservation. Polyethylene is a member of the important family of polyolefin resins. When used as a laxative, polyethylene glycol is typically taken in powder form mixed with water or juice and can be found under various names including:3. Propene, when converted to form propylene, becomes very harmful. PEGs, in combination with other products, are used in toothpastes, breath fresheners and mouthwashes, including anti-plaque and antiseptic mouth rinses. Cellulose gum is used as a thickening agent in many food products. It works by causing water to be retained with the stool. Learn what research has found about this controversial ingredient. Due to its chemical properties, it is also found in a wide variety of hygiene and cosmetic products. Paprika spice can also be used to make natural red dye, while butterfly pea can give a blue food dye. In Food. Vaccines (Basel). Available for Android and iOS devices. In comparison, one person who developed symptoms of toxicity was receiving 213 grams of propylene glycol per day. Call your doctor if you are still constipated or irregular after using this medication for 7 days in a row. What Is Polyethylene Glycol? Titanium dioxide: "A colorant commonly used in vitamins that is indigestible." 5. PEGs are considered inert (they do not react with other materials), and they are nontoxic. Systemic dermatitis has been reported after eating foods and taking medications and intravenous drugs that contain propylene glycol (33, 34, 35). PEG is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, benzene, and dichloromethane, and is insoluble in diethyl ether and hexane. What is Propylene Glycol? 8600 Rockville Pike The Foundation for Alternative and Integrative Medicine (FAIM) is a private 501(c)(3) nonprofit foundation. FIND PRODUCTS WITH THIS INGREDIENT. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. It is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process. Importantly, patients taking the White The molecular weights of PEGs are determined by the number of ethylene glycol units incorporated into each PEG polymer and vary from 300 grams per mole to 10,000,000 grams per mole. But though it is considered generally safe for human and animal consumption, cats have a unique sensitivity to propylene glycol and . The site is secure. It is, thus, imperative to assess potential PEG degradation to ensure that the final material does not contain undocumented contaminants that can introduce artifacts into experimental results.[51]. This cap should contain dose marks on the inside of it. . 2023 Healthline Media LLC. It's used in many products because it helps them maintain their consistency, moisture, and texture.. There is no evidence that dietary amounts are cause for concern. One common ingredient is propylene glycol, primarily found in salad dressing. Different forms of PEG are also available, depending on the initiator used for the polymerization process the most common initiator is a monofunctional methyl ether PEG, or methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated mPEG. Ethylene glycol is highly toxic to humans and is not used in food products. Four of the 5 cases developed anaphylaxis to medications con In this case, the child received 4.1 grams per pound (9 g/kg) of propylene glycol, which is a very high dose. A fresh, whole foods diet will naturally contain lower amounts of this additive. a US Food and Drug Administration exemption status was granted for the investigational use of PEG . However, the majority of foods containing it are highly processed junk foods. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so. Symptoms include a slower rate of breathing, decreased heart rate and loss of consciousness (14). 17 grams dissolved in 4 to 8 ounces of beverage, orally, once a day Duration of therapy: No more than 7 daysComments:-The beverage may be hot, cold, or room temperature.-Generally produces a bowel movement in 1 to 3 days.Use: Relief of occasional constipation. Those side effects include:10. 2022 Jan;149(1):168-175.e4. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) or macrogols are hydrophilic polymers found in everyday products such as foods, cosmetics, and medications. The molecular weight in turn determines the characteristics of each type or category of PEG. show all 9 brands Before In foods, propylene glycol may be used in the following ways (3, 4, 5): Propylene glycol is commonly found in many packaged foods, such as drink mixes, dressings, dried soups, cake mix, soft drinks, popcorn, food coloring, fast foods, bread and dairy products (6). However, another study demonstrated that doses of up to 15.4 mg per pound (34 mg/kg) of propylene glycol over 24 hours were tolerated by young babies (24). Keep in mind that most of the foods containing propylene glycol are highly processed junk foods. Welcome to Life Without Glycols! This propylene is often used in making propylene oxide which, when hydrolyzed with water, gets the propylene glycol. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 2 Apr 2023), Cerner Multum (updated 17 Apr 2023), ASHP (updated 10 Apr 2023) and others. Portions of this document last updated: Feb. 01, 2023. Do not drink if there are any clumps. You can help! But just how safe is polyethylene glycol? Very high-purity PEG has recently been shown to be crystalline, allowing determination of a crystal structure by x-ray crystallography. Manufacturers often include it in these products to keep ingredients in a well-dispersed mixture. Both PEG and PG are used in food applications as additives, humectants, and . The American Contact Dermatitis Society has named propylene glycol as the 2018 Allergen of the Year (32). Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Mar 27, 2023. 2023 Jan 23;11(2):252. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020252. Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a laxative solution that increases the amount of water in the intestinal tract to stimulate bowel movements. It is also used in the sandwich bags cousin, the freezer bag. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using this medication. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Polyethylene glycol identified in this section may be safely used in food in accordance with the following prescribed conditions: (a) Identity. Follow the instructions on the medicine label. Some people still recommend reducing your dietary sources of it, citing the following potential health risks:, Worsenedkidney and liver disease symptoms: If you have normal liver and kidney function, your body can easily remove propylene glycol. PEG stands for polyethylene glycol and is a compound you can find lurking in more places than you might think. . While there are cases of toxicity from very high doses of medication, it is overall considered a very low-toxicity substance. Two patients developed anaphylaxis following intradermal test to PEG and 1 a systemic allergic reaction (without hypotension or respiratory distress) following PEG skin prick tests. In fact, between 0.8 and 3.5% of people are estimated to have a skin allergy to propylene glycol (32). You see, polyethylene glycol derivatives in and of themselves are not necessarily toxic or dangerous. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified propylene glycol as an additive that . Ethylene glycol has a variety of other industrial uses, including: The manufacture of fiberglass used to make products such as jet skis, bathtubs and bowling balls. Because different applications require different polymer chain lengths, PEG has tended to refer to oligomers and polymers with a molecular mass below 20,000g/mol, PEO to polymers with a molecular mass above 20,000g/mol, and POE to a polymer of any molecular mass. Propylene glycol is also quite common in fast foods, bread-based products, highly processed snack foods, flavored popcorn and cake frosting. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Polyethylene glycol, or PEG for short, is a type of compound thats derived from the by-products produced during the refinement of petroleum, natural gas, or coal.1 Polyethylene glycol is not a single chemical entity in and of itself.
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