speaking and listening: evaluating a speaker quizlet

Cite the types of companies that use process costing systems. 3. by using engaging, specific language The first TRC in the United States occurred in Greensboro, North Carolina, as a means of processing the events and aftermath of November 3, 1979, when members of the Ku Klux Klan shot and killed five members of the Communist Workers Party during a daytime confrontation witnessed by news crews and many bystanders. He speaks of wars, times of violence and hatred, and of a weakened nation. Which excerpt from "War Message to Congress" expresses President Wilson's opinion? Ideally, judges and politicians would also possess these characteristics. We begin to engage with the listening process long before we engage in any recognizable verbal or nonverbal communication. When we evaluate something, we make judgments about its credibility, completeness, and worth. Critical listening involves evaluating the credibility, completeness, and worth of a speaker's message. Listening also has implications for our personal lives and relationships. Action-oriented listeners focus on what action needs to take place in regards to a received message and try to formulate an organized way to initiate that action. Which strategy will help her succeed? 07.01 Evaluating a Speaker - 07 Evaluating a Speaker Worksheet Element of the Speech What the - Studocu Argument and poetry in english history. The interpreting stage engages cognitive and relational processing as we take in informational, contextual, and relational cues and try to connect them in meaningful ways to previous experiences. People often get action-oriented and time-oriented listeners confused. Additionally, many bosses are not as open to questions or requests to repeat themselves as professors are. As a speaker, in order to adapt your message to a listening audience and to help facilitate the listening process, you can use the following strategies to create more listenable messages: Use shorter, actively worded sentences. Psychological noise like stress and anger interfere primarily with the cognitive processes of listening. As the speaker delivers the message, a listener signals his or her involvement with focused attention, note-taking, nodding, and other behaviors that indicate understanding or failure to understand the message. to persuade Congress that the nation should enter the war against Germany. You can see judges employ critical listening, with varying degrees of competence, on talent competition shows like Rupauls Drag Race, Americas Got Talent, and The Voice. Human lives are worth more than material items. Take shorthand notes as you listen critically to part of President Barack Obama's inaugural address. Rather than thinking of yourself as a good listener or a bad listener, it can be useful to evaluate yourself on the subskills of active listening. Content-oriented listeners often enjoy high perceived credibility because of their thorough, balanced, and objective approach to engaging with information. People may be categorized as one or more of the following listeners: people-oriented, action-oriented, content-oriented, and time-oriented listeners. In any given communication encounter, it is likely that we will return to the receiving stage many times as we process incoming feedback and new messages. When this happens, take a moment to listen closely. Another student might instead think that to start early is to start on the Friday before the Monday due date instead of Sunday night. I remember earning perfect scores on exams in my anatomy class in college because I was able to memorize and recall, for example, all the organs in the digestive system. Its the stage at which you indicate your involvement. Click the card to flip On President Barack Obama's inaugural address, he exalts America ancestors, and forty-four presidents before him. ethos, an appeal based on the speaker's character. However, even when you are listening attentively, some messages are more difficult than others to understand and remember. Tell the student to describe what's in the image. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. This is another situation where it can be helpful to have another person taking in the same information, who can fill you in on what you might have missed. ______, A ball thrown into the air from a building 100ft100 \mathrm{ft}100ft high travels along a path described by, y=x2110+x+100y=\frac{-x^2}{110}+x+100 Worthington, D. L., Exploring the Relationship between Listening Style Preference and Personality, International Journal of Listening 17, no. Some people find a foreign accent to be interesting or even exotic, while others find it annoying or even take it as a sign of ignorance. At the very least, you are both listening to words and watching body language. In this example, our coauthor had difficulty receiving the message because of the external noise. Stand up, Speak out by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Highly complex messages that are filled with detail call for highly developed listening skills. 172173. Emily, you might say, reminds me of the Emily I knew in middle school, or Mr. Most college professors provide detailed instructions and handouts with assignments so students can review them as needed, but many supervisors and managers will expect you to take the initiative to remember or record vital information. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. When we understand something, we are able to attach meaning by connecting information to previous experiences. If appropriate, use a written agenda or in-the-moment whiteboarding to keep yourself and the other person aligned. Hearing. For example, you might pose the following paraphrase and question pair: It seems like you believe you were treated unfairly. Andrew D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley (Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993), 1819. In the understanding stage, we attempt to learn the meaning of the message, which is not always easy. And all this we will do. to engage in negotiation, dialogue, or other exchanges that result in shared understanding of or agreement on an issue. When recall is our only goal, we excel at it. Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker Flashcards | Quizlet Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker 4.5 (13 reviews) Kayla is taking notes as her classmate speaks about the school's dress code. What is President Obama's purpose in this part of the speech? Watson, K. W., Larry L. Barker, and James B. Weaver III, The Listening Styles Profile (LS-16): Development and Validation of an Instrument to Assess Four Listening Styles, International Journal of Listening 9 (1995): 113. Which is the best way for Kayla to take clear and effective notes without missing what the speaker is saying? If you have a natural poker face, or find it easier to pay attention to peoples words if you dont make eye contact, share that information with your conversation partner, and thank them for accommodating you. Almost anything you do at this stage can be interpreted as feedback. All these aspects of evaluating require critical thinking skills, which we arent born with but must develop over time through our own personal and intellectual development. In the first and second paragraphs of "War Message to Congress," how does Wilson establish pathos, an appeal based on emotions? to persuade Congress that the nation should enter the war against Germany. Explain the responding stage of listening. Gluck, M. A., Mercado, E., & Myers, C. E. (2008). Typical exercises include naming five colored objects that you can see (e.g., green couch, black dog, gold lamp, white door, red rug) or identifying four things that you are hearing, seeing, feeling, and smelling (e.g., hearing birdsong, seeing chair, feeling chenille upholstery, smelling neighbors cooking). The main types of listening we will discuss are discriminative, informational, critical, and empathetic (Watson, Barker, & Weaver III, 1995). For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker Quiz 4.6 (51 reviews) Kayla is taking notes as her classmate speaks about the school's dress code. For one thing, if a speaker does not enunciate clearly, it may be difficult to tell what the message wasdid your friend say, I think shell be late for class, or my teacher delayed the class? The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. Below is a breakdown of these subskills along with recommendations for what to do if youre struggling with any one of them. Listening is the learned process of receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages. [1] Formative feedback is given while the speaker is engaged in the act of speech making. What is the purpose of President Woodrow Wilson's speech "War Message to Congress"? Sympathy is generally more self-oriented and distant than empathy (Bruneau, 1993). Identify the purposes of President Obama's speech. New York, NY: Longman. Unfortunately, personal opinions sometimes result in prejudiced evaluations. 4.5 Listening Critically. Content-oriented listeners like to listen to complex information and evaluate the content of a message, often from multiple perspectives, before drawing conclusions. It is through the interpreting stage that we may begin to understand the stimuli we have received. What is the maximum height the ball will reach? While listening is a skill universally lauded, its rarely, if ever, explicitly taught as such, outside of training for therapists. We will learn more about how gender and listening intersect in Section 5 Listening and Gender. By comparison, we can hold large amounts of unsorted auditory information for longerup to four seconds. Want to create or adapt books like this? Poor listening skills, lack of conciseness, and inability to give constructive feedback have been identified as potential communication challenges in professional contexts. 4.2 Listening Styles. DiSalvo, V. S. A Summary of Current Research Identifying Communication Skills in Various Organizational Contexts, Communication Education 29 (1980), 28390. Because of our own centrality in our perceptual world, empathetic listening can be difficult. This type of listening may be especially valuable in interpersonal communication involving emotional exchanges, as a person-oriented listener can create a space where people can make themselves vulnerable without fear of being cut off or judged. We then interpret auditory and visual stimuli in order to make meaning out of them based on our existing schemata. Our ability to recall information is dependent on some of the physiological limits of how memory works. The understanding stage of listening occurs when a receiver of a message attempts to figure out the meaning of the message. Understand the two types of feedback listeners give to speakers. A participant in any conversation has two goals: first, to understand what the other person is communicating (both the overt meaning and the emotion behind it) and second, to convey interest, engagement, and caring to the other person. 5. The stages of the listening process are receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding. Models of processes are informative in that they help us visualize specific components, but keep in mind that they do not capture the speed, overlapping nature, or overall complexity of the actual process in action. In many professional contexts, informational listening is important, especially when receiving instructions. Which is the best way for Kayla to take clear and effective notes without missing what the speaker is saying? Nonverbal cues, such as tone of voice, facial expression, and body language, are usually where the motivation and emotion behind the words is expressed. Kindly say, the Improve Your Skills For Advanced Listening Speaking is universally compatible with any devices to read Oxford English for Academic Purposes Advanced Student Book (C1) - Edward de Chazal 2015-08-13 Oxford English for Academic Purposes offers a specialist course covering listening, speaking and reading in key areas of academic . Interestingly, such fields are typically feminized, in that people often associate the characteristics of people-oriented listeners with roles filled by women. Please note: This list is not intended to be diagnostic instrument, but if any of the skills listed above seem truly difficult to you, you may want to consult your doctor. 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, 6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication, 6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication, 6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication, 6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication, 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence, 9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech, 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions, 12.1 Speaking in Personal and Civic Contexts, 14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication, 14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups, 15.1 Technological Advances: From the Printing Press to the iPhone, 15.2 Functions and Theories of Mass Communication, 16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships. Meditation has both immediate and short-term benefits for relaxation and emotional control, regardless of the particular practice. Author Joseph DeVito has divided the listening process into five stages: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding (DeVito, 2000). Zabava, W. S. and Andrew D. Wolvin, The Differential Impact of a Basic Communication Course on Perceived Communication Competencies in Class, Work, and Social Contexts, Communication Education 42 (1993): 21517. For each of these subskills, there is also a range of natural ability, and your life experience may have enhanced or muted this potential. Heres a cheat sheet with nine helpful tips: If you remember nothing else, remember this simple practice that does so much. What is the purpose of President Woodrow Wilson's speech "War Message to Congress"? Some stimuli never make it in, some are filtered into subconsciousness, and others are filtered into various levels of consciousness based on their salience. Notice in Figure 4.3 Stages of Feedback that stages two, three, and four are represented by the brain because it is the primary tool involved with these stages of the listening process. Read the excerpt from President Woodrow Wilson's speech, "War Message to Congress. Even though listening education is lacking in our society, research has shown that introductory communication courses provide important skills necessary for functioning in entry-level jobs, including listening, writing, motivating/persuading, interpersonal skills, informational interviewing, and small-group problem solving (DiSalvo, 1980). The responding stage of listening occurs when a listener provides verbal or nonverbal feedback about the speaker or message. The following list reviews some of the main functions of listening that are relevant in multiple contexts. In the centuries since Plato's time, an entire subfield within . Read the excerpt from President Woodrow Wilson's speech, "War Message to Congress. The first stage of the listening process is receiving stimuli through auditory and visual channels. The truth and reconciliation process seeks to heal relations between opposing sides by uncovering all pertinent facts, distinguishing truth from lies, and allowing for acknowledgement, appropriate public mourning, forgiveness and healingThe focus often is on giving victims, witnesses and even perpetrators a chance to publicly tell their stories without fear of prosecution. To appeal to his audience, in "War Message to Congress," Wilson mostly relies on. - Uses idiomatic language naturally and accurately. Before we can engage other steps in the listening process, we must take in stimuli through our senses. By becoming aware of what is involved with active listening and where difficulties might lie, you can prepare yourself both as a listener and as a speaker to minimize listening errors with your own public speeches. Make a list of some of the abstract words you have misunderstood. Think of how musicians, singers, and mechanics exercise specialized discriminative listening to isolate specific aural stimuli and how actors, detectives, and sculptors discriminate visual cues that allow them to analyze, make meaning from, or recreate nuanced behavior (Wolvin & Coakley, 1993). If people do not feel listened to, they will cease to share information. Is that right? Or you might ask a standalone question like What did your boss do that made you think he was playing favorites? Make sure to paraphrase and/or ask questions once a persons turn is over, because interrupting can also be interpreted as a sign of not listening. It is often a good idea to pair a paraphrase with a question to keep a conversation flowing. Duane Storey Listening CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Some listening scholars note that critical listening represents the deepest level of listening (Floyd, 1985). Everyone else understood that the meeting place was the west side location, but you wrongly understood it as the east side location and therefore missed out on part of the fun. In the receiving stage, we select and attend to various stimuli based on salience. As you read earlier, there are many factors that can interfere with listening, so you need to be able to manage a number of mental tasks at the same time in order to be a successful listener. If another person is looking away, fidgeting, texting, or turned away, we will likely interpret those responses negatively. It also allows the student to make a fair number of errors, as long as they're maintaining clear communication that the teacher can follow. "I have called the Congress into extraordinary session because there are serious, very serious, choices of policy to be made, and made immediately, which it was neither right nor constitutionally permissible that I should assume the responsibility of making.Which best explains why President Wilson chooses the word "extraordinary"? Hearing If you have hearing loss, be honest about it. Experiments have found that people can memorize and later recall a set of faces and names with near 100 percent recall when sitting in a quiet lab and asked to do so. Listening well is the kind of skill that benefits from not just teaching but coaching ongoing, specialized instruction from someone who knows your personal strengths, weaknesses, and most importantly, habits. Our aims are to increase your understanding of what good listening is, and offer research-backed advice to improve your listening skills. In response, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in an effort to reduce the possibility of similar financial disasters. AssignmentTake shorthand notes as you listen critically to part of President Barack Obama's inaugural address. Receiving is the intentional focus on hearing a speakers message, which happens when we filter out other sources so that we can isolate the message and avoid the confusing mixture of incoming stimuli. Therefore, at the understanding stage of listening we should be on the lookout for places where our perceptions might differ from those of the speaker. For example, say you have made plans with your friends to meet at a certain movie theater, but you arrive and nobody else shows up. Eye contact, attentive posture, nodding and other nonverbal cues are important, but its hard to pay attention to someones words when youre busy reminding yourself to make regular eye contact. This is active listening. It has three aspects: Getting good at active listening is a lifetime endeavor. The remembering stage of listening is when a listener either places information into long-term memory or forgets the information presented. . Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker Flashcards | Quizlet Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker 4.4 (50 reviews) Read the sentences. Which is the best way for Kayla to take clear and effective notes without missing what the speaker is saying? Here we engage in listening to scan and monitor our surroundings in order to isolate particular auditory or visual stimuli. Kizzzbeth - Good Listener - CC BY-SA 2.0. The main purposes of listening are (Hargie, 2011). Display empathy. Its also important to know that you can improve your memory of a message by processing it meaningfullythat is, by applying it in ways that are meaningful to you (Gluck, et al., 2008). When using working memory, we can temporarily store information and process and use it at the same time. Explain the remembering stage of listening. For example, when we listen to empathize with others, our communication will likely be supportive and open, which will then lead the other person to feel heard and supported and hopefully view the interaction positively (Bodie & Villaume, 2003). You dont want to respond in a way that will cause the other person to disengage. People-oriented listeners are likely skilled empathetic listeners and may find success in supportive fields like counseling, social work, or nursing. In the moment, focus on your breathing and do a grounding exercise if you feel agitated. Sometimes we simply enjoy being in their presence, and our summative feedback is not about the message but about our attitudes about the speaker. Instead of simply repeating a new acquaintances name over and over, for example, you might remember it by associating it with something in your own life. For example, seeing a persons face when we hear their voice allows us to take in nonverbal cues from facial expressions and eye contact. - Uses a full range of structures naturally and appropriately; - Produces consistently accurate structures apart from 'slips . This will require conscious effort! We evaluate the worth of a message by making a value judgment about whether we think the message or idea is good/bad, right/wrong, or desirable/undesirable. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. This can be very useful during high-stress situations. Activity #3.3: "Who Am I?" . We can hold large amounts of unsorted visual information but only for about a tenth of a second. Overall, our memories are known to be fallible. On President Barack Obama's inaugural address, he exalts America ancestors, and forty-four presidents before him. Note that listening requires concentration, therefore during speeches, one cannot be talking, reading, or attending to other things, while a speaker is speaking. To appeal to his audience, in "War Message to Congress," Wilson mostly relies on, Johan is listening to his principal deliver a speech about the importance of physical education in school. "On the 3d of February last I officially laid before you the extraordinary announcement of the Imperial German Government that on and after the 1st day of February it was its purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that sought to approach either the ports of Great Britain and Ireland or the western coasts of Europe or any of the ports controlled by the enemies of Germany within the Mediterranean.To appeal to the audience, this part of the speech mostly relies on. Notice in Figure 4.3 Stages of Feedback that this stage is represented by the lips because we often give feedback in the form of verbal feedback; however, you can just as easily respond nonverbally. ", ethos, an appeal based on the speaker's character. Critical listening is important during persuasive exchanges, but I recommend always employing some degree of critical listening, because you may find yourself in a persuasive interaction that you thought was informative. The type of listening we engage in affects our communication and how others respond to us. Be as specific as you can to put students at ease. Getting integrated: Identify how critical listening might be useful for you in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, personal, and civic. Click the card to flip use a shorthand version of writing Click the card to flip 1 / 10 Product A is an end item and is made from two units of B and four of C. B is made of three units of D and two of E. C is made of two units of F and two of E. A has a lead time of one week. People think about four times faster than other people talk, so youve got spare brainpower when youre a listener. Nor and this is a subtler thing to avoid do you want to fall into the easy defense mechanism of simply tuning out what you dont want to hear, or rushing to discount or argue it away. Training and improvements in listening will continue to pay off, as employers desire employees with good communication skills, and employees who have good listening skills are more likely to get promoted. They would, however, not mind taking longer to reach a conclusion when dealing with a complex topic, and they would delay making a decision if the information presented to them didnt meet their standards of organization. When the candidate finally started speaking, the cheering and yelling was so loud that the candidate couldnt be heard easily despite using a speaker system. The Greensboro TRC states its purpose as such:[1]. What kind of appeal is the speaker using in this sentence? Why have downsizing and contingent employment become widespread? People-oriented listeners are concerned with others needs and feelings, which may distract from a task or the content of a message. People with good working memories are able to keep recent information in mind and process it and apply it to other incoming information. We can enhance our ability to receive, and in turn listen, by trying to minimize noise. Americans must continue this journey. As stimuli are organized and interpreted, they make their way to short-term memory where they either expire and are forgotten or are transferred to long-term memory. Communication in the Real World by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. Indicate the total number of changes at the right. Which style of listening best describes you and why? These listeners can be thought of as learners, and they also ask questions to solicit more information to fill out their understanding of an issue. I caution my students that they will be expected to process verbal instructions more frequently in their profession than they are in college. These listeners can be thought of as executives, and they tend to actually verbalize the time constraints under which they are operating. Youll want to avoid noise, interruptions, and other external distractions, but its important to minimize your internal distractions as well. People-oriented listeners are concerned about the emotional states of others and listen with the purpose of offering support in interpersonal relationships. Listening is the learned process of receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages. If you do have a lapse in attention, admit it, apologize, and ask the person to repeat what they said. From our earlier discussion of the communication model, you may be able to connect this part of the listening process to feedback. Which excerpt from paragraphs 1 to 3 of Wilson's "War Message to Congress" appeals most to the audience's emotions? As president of the Student Council for two years now, I think that it is time we try to establish a better system for spending our funds.
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