Nasal vowels are not particularly common in the Bantu languages, but are found in certain mostly western areas, for example in Ngungwel B72a of the Teke group (Paulian 1994), in Umbundu R11 (Schadeberg 1982), in Gyele A801 (Renaud 1976) and in a few words in the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997). Shah and & (2011) Linguistic Geography or Evidence for Genetic Affiliation? Post-nasal stops are devoiced in Kgalagari S311 (Sol et al. Bemba M42 short vowels /i e a o u/ tend to be lax compared to their long vowel counterparts /i e a o u/ (Hamann & Kula 2015): short high and mid vowels tend to be lower and more centralised than long ones, while /a/ is higher than /a/. Figure 3.2 P. An interesting issue is therefore whether the Bantu languages, particularly those with seven or more vowels, make use of the ATR feature in this phonetic sense. Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. (2007) Unresolved Issues in the Representation and Phonetic Description of Click Articulation in Xhosa and Zulu. There is evidence for post-nasal fortition rather than devoicing in the Ngwato S31c variety (Gouskova et al. Since a rounded lip posture can also be seen in non-whistled fricatives, such as in the sequence [usu], the labial constriction alone cannot account for the whistle-like concentration of the frication noise, but it must be due to a particular linguopalatal configuration that is yet undescribed. This figure makes clear that the expansion of the cavity is not solely due to moving the location of the back closure further back. ), The Bantu Languages, 475500. For an ordinary pulmonic stop, peak pressure behind the closure ranges between about 5 and 20 hPa, depending on the loudness of the voice. Journal of the International Phonetic Association M. Although most Bantu languages use only one coronal (typically alveolar) and one dorsal (velar) place of articulation, contrasts between dental and alveolar places are found in several languages, and contrasts between velars and uvulars are found in Kgalagari S311 (Dickens 1987, Monaka 2001, 2005). A. Figure 3.14 T. C. Hombert Languages which lost clicks entirely include Northern Ndebele of South Africa S408 and Lozi K21 (Ziervogel 1959, Gowlett 1989, Skhosana 2009), though it seems some Northern Ndebele S408 speakers are borrowing clicks back from Zulu S42. (2015) Insights from the Field. & Clem The typical pattern for dental/alveolar contrasts is that the dentals are laminal while the alveolars are apical. L.-J. Andy The small arrows on the waveform show a distinct anterior and dorsal burst on the first click. Maddieson M. . Segebarth In the Tswa-Ronga S50 group, clicks have been reported to occur in Tswa S51, Tsonga S53, Konde S54, Nkuna S53D and Ronga S54 (Passy 1914, Persson 1932, Doke 1954, Baumbach 1974, Afido et al. Kapule David 15(4): 196204. . The Kalanga S16 vowel pairs transcribed /i e/ and /u o/, which are acoustically equally as high as the Vove B305 pairs, differ in both F1 and F2. Figure 3.13 She reports that the labial closure is formed first. Orie, O l. Davey, A. (eds. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. . (2015) A surface constraint in Xitsonga: *Li. London; New York: Routledge. The sounds of the Bantu languages Ian Maddieson Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley 1. In This may have two principal effects. There are several hundred Bantu languages. , (eds. Clicks have not been reported for Manda group languages and are unlikely to occur unless efforts to revitalise Malawian Ngoni on a Zulu model prove effective (Kishindo 2002). Berkeley: University of California Press. In Mbuub A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. Here a pair of vowels in the front and a pair of vowel in the back have such low values of F1 that they are all appropriately considered to be high vowels. (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. Focus and emphasis are associated with pitch raising in Mwiini G412 (Kisseberth 2016), but this seems to be the exception rather than the rule in Bantu. S. (2008) Shekgalagari Grammar: A Descriptive Analysis of the Language and its Vocabulary. Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ Roux 3: 79121. In , Figure 3.10 K. A.-M. Miller, A. (ed. A. C. Cleveland: Central Mission Press. ), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Chapter 14. Seifert (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. (eds. South African Journal of African Languages ), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence, 168187. 2015). Hon 8: 525562. Figure 3.7 (eds. The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 14581461. halshs-02504383 %RVWRHQ .RHQ 0DUN 9DQ GH 9HOGH ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q 9DQ GH 9HOGH 0DUN .RHQ %RVWRHQ 'HUHN 1XUVH *pUDUG 3KLOLSSVRQ HGV 7KH %DQWX /DQJXDJHV QG (GLWLRQ >5RXWOHGJH (forthcoming) Click Loss and Click Insertion in Fwe. Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area. The mean results are given in ), Tabasaranskie Etjudy, 616. Mickey Swahili, which is spoken by five million people as a mother tongue and some 30 million as a second language, is a Bantu lingua franca important in both commerce and literature. Rialland It is clear that Greenberg is dealing with an entirely different kind of time and relationship than that relevant for Common Bantu. & The posture of the vowel following the click is seen in timestep 5. Pretoria: University of South Africa, UNISA Press. The relationship between the seven vowels of Vove B305 is notably different, as demonstrated in Liu 32(1): 97111. & , Sands, B. A. Iskarous D. T. J. is a very weak click, as indicated by the extended IPA (extIPA) diacritic for a weak articulation, e.g., [], which is similar to the diacritic for an unreleased stop e.g., (c), but placed under the consonant rather than after it. Romero, J. J. S. M. In Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 26(1): 314. . Reports and Papers, 235264. Doke, C. M. Ondo Figure 3.1 Surveys of intonation in Bantu languages include Zerbian and Barnard (2008) and the volume edited by Downing & Rialland (2016a). (2002) The Use of Ultrasound for Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork. The one spectrogram of a word containing /pk/ published in this study actually shows that the duration of the element is considerably longer than a simple stop, suggesting it contains a sequence of articulations, although no burst is visible for the /p/. Carleton, T. (1971) An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. Librarian resources (2016) Tone and Vowel Length in Fwe (Bantu, K402). Bostoen African Studies (1996) Final Lowering in Kipare. back closure is released, and this release may be separately audible. (2017) Chiikuhane (Subiya) Manual with Orthography. Sands Rialland ), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, 235295. Thomas, K. The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. J. Louw, J. . Another feature of interest is the presence of a cross-linguistically rare contrast between nasalised and oral glottal approximants (/h/ and /h/) found in Kwangali K33 (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996: 132). Elderkin Online publication date: January 2019. 31: 111137. Passy, P. /, //) (Fulop et al. (ed. Tswa S51 may be one such case, as the last attestation was by Persson (1932). (1923) A Dissertation on the Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Figure 3.32 2005, Allwood et al. Leiden: Brill. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 116. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Hualde This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. C. J. , E. Studies in African Linguistics 42: 175187. Austin, P. K. Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. (eds. The whistled fricative has more peaked and compact spectra than its non-whistled counterpart, and the fricatives also differ in other acoustic measures. (eds. Ladefoged Figure 3.5 Both languages have contrasts of vowel quantity and compensatory lengthening of vowels before prenasalised stops, but there are interesting differences between the two. (1995) Nasal Consonant Harmony at a Distance: The Case of Yaka. Berlin: Language Science Press. Figure 3.1 (1990) What Do We Symbolize? (1982) Liquids in Chaga. Ladefoged, P. A role for vowel nasalisation in the transmission of nasal consonant harmony across intervening vowels seems likely in the history of Bantu (Greenberg 1951, Hyman 1995). In Rwanda JD61, there is anticipatory coarticulation of tone, with the F0 of a syllable being affected by a High tone in a later syllable (Myers 2003). , These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. ga] dog (diminutive); same speaker as in Zsiga Mutaka, N. M. 26(2): 235254. Ewen The nasal feature is realised as nasalisation of the latter part of the vowel // in Fragment C, following an oral portion, B, and the aspiration of the initial stop, A. Fragment D, which is the consonantal part of the // is voiceless but oral, and as often in an [h]-sound, the transition of the formants of the flanking vowels can be traced through its duration. Rialland 2014:165). Figure 3.27 P. J. Limanski Bantu by fifty "Conimon Bantu time-spans,'' and proto-Bantu by ten. Boyd, V. L. The means are 248 Hz for /i/, 313 Hz for //, 277 Hz for /u/, and 334 Hz for //. A particularly rare phenomenon reported in Hendo C82 involves the class 5 prefix, which is actually the reflex of the Proto-Bantu augment *di- followed by the noun prefix *i- (cf. In the Bantoid language Mundabli (Voll 2012: 535), pharyngealised vowels correspond to final /k/ and // in cognates in its close relative Mufu. Figure 3.19 Multiple tone heights As indicated, most Bantu languages have an underlying two-height system, whether privative or equipollent. (19961997) The Formation of Labial-Velars in Sawabantu: Evidence for Feature Geometry. Figure 3.31 T. J. & Create a chart to keep track of your information. 45(1): 6169. A. & Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. ), Namibian Languages. Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. A rapid reduction in the number of click contrasts occurred more than 100 years ago in the far-flung varieties of Nguni known as Ngoni N12 (Elmslie 1891, Spiss 1904, Doke 1954); Ngoni speakers subsequently shifted from Nguni to languages of the Manda N10 group (Maho 2003). There are very few studies of this type available so far for Bantu languages, but one data set is shown in , & S. B. Arvaniti Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. Jackson In . shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. Finlayson, R. Trinta M. Voiced stops tend to be made with a downward movement of the larynx, presumably to help sustain voicing (Monaka 2001). (1926) The Phonetics of the Zulu Language. While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African See Proctor et al. Phonetic studies of labial consonants include the study of plain and prenasalised bilabial trills / m/ in Medumba, a Narrow Grassfields language, by Olson and Meynadier (2015). Fehn R. K. The seal around the inside of the teeth is made by 40 ms later, and as the contact area of the back of the tongue enlarges, the front edge of the velar contact is now visible as a line of contacted electrodes at the bottom of the arc. K. Like most linguistic maps, this map represents a somewhat fictitious ethnographic idealisation not corresponding precisely with any exact time or population distribution. & Ebobiss In Wesi Jessen, M. Patin, C. Fwe vowel formant means according to measurements by the second author on recordings made available by Hilde Gunnink. Spreafico, L. & (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. In Languages of the North-West, the Eastern coastal area and the South-East often have at least one implosive, most frequently a bilabial, but implosives are generally absent in the languages of the Congo basin and the South-West. Fwe has four accompaniments including a voiceless nasal accompaniment (Gunnink forthcoming) not known to occur in any other Bantu language. Figure 3.4 Only Guthrie's Zone S is (sometimes) considered to be a genealogical group. Figure 3.1 & , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lammert Paper presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Austin Texas, 58 January 2017. Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. Source: Recording made available by Koen Bostoen. The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. Roux Doke, C. M. 32(2): 161171. Harare: University of Zimbabwe. (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. (1999) Shekgalagari Laryngeal Contrasts: The Plosives. Downing, L. J. In Using data from these sources, (eds.) & Table 3.3 Abstract Professor Guthrie's Comparative Bantu is so impressive in its general layout, so rich in data and so rigorous in its techniques that it constitutes, after such contributions as those of. Y. Brighton: Causal Productions. T. N. Finch A. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in Staubs Toda She also uses electropalatography (EPG) to show the susceptibility of stops to coarticulation varies not only by place of articulation, but also according to voice category; aspirated stops are the least susceptible to coarticulation and voiced stops are the most (Monaka 2001). Contacted electrodes are shown as black squares and uncontacted ones as grey dots. E. It has since sometimes come to be used for any consonant which has any local lowering effect on pitch or, more accurately, on the fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration, abbreviated F0, such as an ordinary voiced plosive. 2: 6697. In He argues that, in two of these languages, Kom and Oku, * raised to /u/ and *u became fricated, sometimes occurring with a schwa [] offglide (Faytak & Merrill 2014). Journal of the International Phonetic Association ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 195222. H. S. , Dogil, G. (2009a) Differences in Airstream and Posterior Place of Articulation Among Nuu Clicks. South African Journal of African Languages Sands | How to buy Determine their location, language, culture, and place in society in their country/region. London; New York: Routledge. , S. Makuya Proctor, M. . Gowlett, D. F. 4: 85165. (2014) Etude comparative des langues makaa-njem (bantu A80) : phonologie, morphologie, Lexique. (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? & EPG frames of a lateral click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. This suggests that speakers of the same language may differ in the degree to which they use tongue root position to contrast vowels that are described as differing in the phonological feature [ATR]. 2010), and in Tswana S31 only for some speakers (Coetzee & Pretorius 2010). (1985) Le kesukuma (langue bantoue de Tanzanie): phonologie, morphologie. Figure 3.7 Figure 3.2 Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. Miller, A. Naidoo, S. In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. and (1983) Phontique et Phonologie: le systme consonantique du kinyarwanda. Secondly, it may mean that the intra-oral pressure is relatively low at the time when the closure is released so that at the moment of release the initial airflow is ingressive (Hardcastle & Brasington 1978). Rialland Hajek Doubly articulated labial-velar stops (and nasals) are found almost exclusively in the languages of Africa, but they occur in only relatively few of the Bantu languages, including Londo A11 (Kuperus 1985), Sawabantu languages of Guthries groups A102030 (Mutaka & Ebobiss 19961997), Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997), and Mijikenda E70 (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993, Kutsch Lojenga 2001) among others. (1972) Numerical Simulation of Vowel Quality Systems: The Role of Perceptual Contrast. B. the most detailed study of click production in a Bantu language to date. Downing, L. J. & Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Consonant gemination has developed through internal processes in languages such as Ganda JE15 (Clements 1986) and by contact with Cushitic languages in Ilwana E701 (Nurse 1994). & 36(1): 6792. 123). Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Valle Poulos, G. Broken vertical lines indicate the five points in time corresponding to the rtMRI images shown in the bottom row. A.-M. Phonetica Merrill Holtzhausen Pater Bantu vowel harmony constraints do not seem to be a survival of an older Benue-Congo or even Niger-Congo harmony (Stewart 2000), but to be mostly more or less local innovations with diverse patterns of implementation (Hyman 1999). (ed. Pretoria: Via Afrika. There is often only one contrastive liquid, i.e., /l/, // or /r/, though Chaga E60 is among those with more (Davey et al. First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . & C. (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). New Haven: Yale University, PhD dissertation. (1992) Kinyamwezi: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary. (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. Clicks in the South-East cluster were borrowed from Khoe and possibly also from Taa and Kxa languages into Nguni S40 (Louw 2013, Pakendorf et al. Miller, A. M. R. F. , Emily & Blench, R. Roux & Tonal contrasts and vowel length contrasts are often restricted to stem-initial syllables (Downing 2010). Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). , Bostoen, K. B. T. (eds. Hyman . Pretoria: University of Pretoria, PhD dissertation. (1994) A Linguistic Analysis of Northern Sotho. , DOI link for The Bantu Languages of Africa. Examples of the Rwanda JD61 strengthening of an underlying /u/ or /w/ into a velar stop after a non-homorganic nasal or stop are illustrated by the spectrograms in Ziervogel, D. This differs from Kwasio A81 pharyngealisation which likely results from the reduction of a consonant. Diemer The maxima in Tswana S31 has a voiceless uvular affricate and voiceless uvular fricative (Bennett et al. Note particularly the slope of a line connecting the back vowels which points roughly to the position of the central vowel /a/, similar to that seen in The members of the high vowel pairs /i / and /u / in Vove B305 have virtually the same second formant values as each other and differ only in F1. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al. L. The mean formant values for Xhosa S41 vowels given by Roux and Holtzhausen (1989) are plotted in this way in Guthrie, M. van der Hulst, H. G. , Nomdebevana Monakas detailed study combines acoustic data with data about larynx height and vocal fold vibrations obtained using a laryngograph. & Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. Rialland, A. (1970a) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. Diachronica & In Thomas-Vilakatis study, inserts with 96 electrodes were used, together with software allowing a sweep of the contact patterns to be made every 10 ms. , K. C. In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). 13: 3972. 4 (1937), pp. Spiss, C. Figure 3.20 Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. 2014). For individuals learning English as a second language, it is common for the phonemic system of their first language to influence the production of sounds in English. Hyman is narrower than the width of the constriction of the laminal dental in Hamann ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 225284. This is also the pattern predicted by computational models of vowel system structure from Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972) to Schwartz et al. , 2003). (1982) Fonetika Tabasaranskogo jazyka. Zulu, for example, has nine pairs of singular and plural prefixes. ), Beitrge zur 1. B. Vove B305 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author on a recording made by Jean-Marie Hombert, made available by Lolke Van der Veen.
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