Sometimes we end up alone without wanting to be. Studies have found that young, socially active populations or workers at high risk of infection, especially college students and frontline healthcare workers, bear a disproportionate burden of mental health problems worldwide (e.g., high levels of anxiety and depression), highlighting the need for appropriate intervention in these populations [3, 4]. Recent findings: And it gives us great opportunities.. The three cross-sectional studies (presented in ) were insignificant (=0.05, 95% CI: 0.320.15; a unit increment of each screening tool score per hour) with relatively high inter-study heterogeneity (I2=76.07%). Social media in digital platforms is reportedly considered as a new channel of communication that could relieve aforementioned negative aspects of isolation through helping people escape negative emotions [5], projecting their personality as they desire, and evoking the impression of gaining back some control [6]. Anxiety disorders are common conditions affecting nearly 20% of U.S. adults annually. CAS Objective: We examined social support and technology use and their relationships with mental and physical health outcomes through the COVID-19 pandemic among AAPIs. As people grapple with these health, social and economic impacts, mental health has been widely affected. , Lin, C.Y. The .gov means its official. J Health Soc Sci. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. A study found that younger people were more susceptible to changes in personality traits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Articles were first screened by reviewing titles, followed by a full-text review. PostedDecember 4, 2020 The effect measures were odds ratio, regression coefficient, and Pearsons r, which calculated the association between the increase in social media use time and anxiety and depressive symptoms. According to Chambers: Social media platforms have a key role to play in how their products impact on the mental health and well-being of their users. doi: 10.1177/1359105320951620. Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Ebert DD. To begin, the most obvious benefit that arises from the use of social media is the ability to stay connected with friends and family. They completed measures of social media use, the COVID-19 stressor, negative affect, secondary traumatic stress (STS), depression, and anxiety as well as covariates. A systematic literature review before the COVID-19 outbreak (2019) found that the time spent by adolescents on social media was associated with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress [21]. The pooled effect size was presented in odds ratio. Writing original draft: YRL, YJJ, SHK, SJJ. All included studies were cross-sectional studies. A great number of people have reported psychological distress and symptoms of depression, anxiety or post-traumatic . This means that more people are. According to the new data, in 2021, more than a third (37%) of high school students reported they experienced poor mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 44% reported they persistently felt sad or hopeless during the past year. They found reasonable evidence that all. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Similarly, the increase in social media use time was also associated with depressive symptoms (pooled OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.301.85), and the heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2=67.16%). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Epub 2023 Jan 13. But despite the positive benefits of social media, evidence has shown that there can be harmful consequences of over-use. 8600 Rockville Pike Pandemic impact on mental health: A global overview, COVID-19 decision fatigue: Expert tips on how to cope, Alone, not lonely: How to make the most out of involuntary 'me time', 5 top tips for self-care in a pandemic-exhausted world. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2021;6(2):159-66. Ma Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Chen D, Wang T, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Yu Q, Jiang J, Fan F, Liu X. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. COVID-19 restrictions made social media more central to our lives than before. BenZur, H. , Gil, S. , & Shamshins, Y. Still, there is ongoing debate on whether social media content regulation may increase mistrust and promote more social media posts reflecting inaccurate information. According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted between August 31 and September 7, 2020, about 53% of adults in the U.S. get their news from social media. Note, Path analysis examining the mediating role of negative affect and the interaction between, MeSH Cookies policy. On a global scale, social media can be a way for people to gather information, share ideas, and reach out to others facing similar challenges. The new analyses also describe some of the severe challenges youth encountered during the pandemic: Quality assessment was conducted by two independent researchers using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). | Public Relat Rev. There are specific issues relevant to the pandemic and social media that can have a negative impact on our mental health. COVID-19: Did lockdown help or hinder our creativity? 2012;3(3):21423. [However], there are features inside social media that have expanded human consciousness. 2). Regarding eligibility criteria, studies conducted after the declaration of the pandemic, studies that measured mental health symptoms with validated tools, and studies that presented quantitative results were eligible. GOSHa graphical display of study heterogeneity. 2020;395(10227):91220. 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048. Here is what scientific evidence and expert opinions. 2000;56(2):45563. Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea, Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea, Ye Jin Jeon,Sunghyuk Kang&Sun Jae Jung, Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Paediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, You can also search for this author in High-quality studies had low inter-study heterogeneity (anxiety: I2=0.00%; depression: I2=0.00%). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies J Affect Disord. Background: Draenovi M, Vukui Rukavina T, Machala Poplaen L. Int J Environ Res Public Health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Summary: Debate over social media's role on mental health will continue till a greater number of RCTs are conducted. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected us in numerous ways and may consequently impact our relationships with pet dogs and cats. PubMed In cross-sectional studies, misclassification cases due to an unreliable self-contained questionnaire for categorizing depressive patients were rated as high risk. For the qualitative assessment, studies with two or more high risk of bias grades were then classified as low quality. Plenty of us became more anxious; but for some COVID-19 has sparked or amplified much more serious mental health problems. There's no shortage of evidence that social media can worsen depression and anxiety. They completed measures of social media use, the COVID-19 stressor, negative affect, secondary traumatic stress (STS), depression, and anxiety as well as covariates. Prof. Hayes noted that although mental health impacts everyone to some degree, that does not mean all people should be in therapy. 2023 Jan 16;13(1):21582440221147022. doi: 10.1177/21582440221147022. This often goes against the aims of the platform itself.. Rapid transition to the new remote educational environment and telecommuting may trigger mental health issues [29]. depression, anxiety or blue). 2023 Feb 15;20(4):3392. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043392. National Library of Medicine Research published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research suggests that psychosocial expressions have significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. PubMed Central Stress reactions due to pandemic-related information overload. Social media, COVID-19, and mental health, New clues to slow aging? The negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are far-reaching, especially regarding mental health. There has been a stream of news regarding the pandemic, creating a sense of urgency and anxiety. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). statement and Another 95 studies were excluded finally due to inconsistent study estimates. An official website of the United States government. Unverified information and opinions can be easily disseminated on social media platform and perceived as facts without verification. 2019nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. All of this screen time greatly increases our overall exposure to a type of light referred to as blue light. 2021. Why Do Women Remember More Dreams Than Men Do? Because the COVID-19 pandemic emerged recently, scientists are only beginning to understand the role of social media on users mental health. The Fear of COVID19 Scale: Development and initial validation. 2020. Passion, exercise, and meaningful relationships are a boon to brain health. Additionally, according to a study that appears in the journal Globalization and Health, there is increasing evidence that endless news feeds reporting SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and COVID-19 death rates could influence the mental health of some individuals. For instance, using questionnaires, researchers in China interviewed 512 college students from March 24 to April 1, 2020, to determine whether social media harmed mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before The site is secure. 2020;71:13591053209516211. Studies with the following characteristics were excluded: (1) Studies examined traditional social media (e.g., television and radio); (2) case reports, letters, comments, and narrative reviews without quantitative results, and (3) studies using a language other than English. First, all the studies included were cross-sectional design. Each item is measured as having a high risk of bias, low risk of bias, or uncertain. For example, based on participant selection, each researcher marked an article as having a high risk of bias if, for example, the patient definitions of depression were generated by self-reported data. In particular, Hispanic adults reported experiencing the highest level of psychosocial stress in relation to food shortages and insecure housing at the start of the pandemic. Likewise, this study also observed a similar trend of a negative effect of social media on mental health outcomes in the COVID-19 pandemic. Prof. Hayes noted that the COVID-19 pandemic exploded the idea that mental health conditions only affect certain individuals. Kattula D, Singh Balhara YP, Chukkali S, Singh S, Bhargava R, Ganesh R. Psychiatr Danub. Journal of Medical Internet Research - The Impact of Social Media on Panic During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online Questionnaire Study Published on 19.5.2020 in Vol 22 , No 5 (2020) :May Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/19556, first published April 22, 2020 . 2020; 146. 2021 Mar 26;18(7):3432. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073432. She asserts that the COVID-19 pandemic, when social media use skyrocketed, caused a mental health crisis. 2015. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf. Exposure to hate speech on social media also is on the rise. 2014;14(1):112. Cite this article. (2020). Many other benefits include being able to share ideas/information, sharing pictures/memories, increased opportunities to aid the community (charity . From conspiracy theories to false information about cures, there is an abundance of misinformation spread on social media platforms about the novel coronavirus. Correspondence to Elucidating the impact of health risks of COVID-19 on emotional exhaustion and academic performance: role of mindfulness and online interaction quality. Moreover, suicide is the second leading cause of death in 1529-year-olds. This year the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a major uptick in social media usage. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;12:1199. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. Is Playing Violent Video Games Related to Teens' Mental Health? Methodology: JIS, YCJ, YRL, SJJ. The overall estimate of the four cross-sectional studies (Pearsons r) was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.100.27) with high inter-study heterogeneity (I2=73.04%). Are Women More Attracted to Men With Tattoos? Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. But has the use of social media during the pandemic negatively impacted mental health and well-being? PLoS One. As the acute disease mainly affected people's physical health, there were other detrimental effects that were discovered at the aftermath of the lockdowns.This Research Topic aims to showcase evidence on how social media and general screen time affected people's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and . Instead of face-to-face interaction, people used social media and text . The COVID-19 pandemic-related social restrictions forced many people to change how they communicate. Practice Improves the Potential for Future Plasticity, How Financial Infidelity Can Affect Your Gray Divorce, Carlin Barnes, MD and Marketa Wills, MD, MBA, How COVID-19 Changed the Landscape of Mental Health Care, How to Get a Loved One the Help They Deserve, The Importance of Mental Health Awareness Month, 8 Reasons to Try Low-Carb for Mental Health, Why People Should Stop Bragging on Social Media, Social Media and the Rising Trend of Cosmetic Surgery, Why Forgiving Does Not Require an Apology, How to Counter TikToks Mental Health Misinformation. Did the COVID-19 pandemic lead to changes in our personality traits? [categorical] and How long (in hours) were you exposed to social media? Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Furthermore, the authors suggest that exposure to negative reports and posts may contribute to the risk of depression in some people. Social media was certainly not designed to negatively impact our mental health, but as with all things, there is often both good and bad. Research indicates that social media can help effectively communicate health information to a global audience during a public health crisis. Here are some important social media usage tips to optimize your mental wellness during this world health crisis: Marketa Wills, MD, MBA, and Carlin Barnes, MD, are board-certified psychiatrists and the authors of Understanding Mental Illness: A Comprehensive Guide to Mental Illness for Family and Friends. This feature series aims to empower readers to take control of their mental and emotional health. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to solve the contradictory effects of social media platform on anxiety and depression based on studies reporting an association between the use of social media and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression) on the pandemic setting. For sensitivity analysis, the results of analysis including only the High quality studies after quality assessment were similar to those of the overall study with low heterogeneity (anxiety: pooled OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.211.96, I2=0.00%; depression: pooled OR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.692.90, I2=0.00%). Online ahead of print. As a result, the stigma surrounding mental health conditions may be decreasing. Batra K, Singh TP, Sharma M, Batra R, Schvaneveldt N. Investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: a meta-analysis. Privacy Feelings of anxiety, depression, increased irritability, and excessive worry are likely consequences of being exposed (or overexposed) to this information. With the rapid information spread along came the various public misconceptions and misinformation which consequently influenced perceptions and behaviors of the public . The study aimed to present a comprehensive direction of relevance by analysing studies investigating the association between time spent on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depressive) among the public. COVID-19; disaster stressor; mental health; negative affect; social media use. These findings suggest that the disaster stressor may be a risk factor that amplifies the deleterious impact of social media use on depression. This relationship has become increasingly complex during the COVID-19 pandemic. This means that more people are expressing their emotions, both positive and negative, and garnering support from others. The relationship between exposure to terror through the media, coping strategies and resources, and distress and secondary traumatization. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020000931. Mental health problems and correlates among 746 217 college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. ResearchSquare. Authors Alyan Layug # 1 2 , Samiksha Krishnamurthy # 2 , Rachel McKenzie 3 , Bo Feng 3 Affiliations Bookshelf Getting a professional assessment is critical. Fear and stigma: the epidemic within the SARS outbreak. Lee, Y., Jeon, Y.J., Kang, S. et al. [3] [4] According to the UN health agency WHO, in the first year of the . The increase in the time spent on social media in digital platforms was associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Accessibility The technology landscape has rapidly evolved in recent years, with social media now playing a central role in the lives of youth. A controversial study helps explain the impact of pets on child development. 2022 Sep 19;6 (9):e38589. Keywords: Assessing the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, shift to online learning, and social media use on the mental health of college students in the Philippines: A mixed-method study protocol. Formal analysis: YRL, SJJ. Our data provide cross-sectional snapshots and longitudinal changes. In this Special Feature, Medical News Today looks at what research says about social media use and the COVID-19 pandemic to reveal how it has affected mental health. 2020;17(23):9096. While social media may be considered as an alternative channel for people to connect with their peers in the pandemic, the findings suggest that excessive use of social media can be detrimental for mental health. He noted that this exposure will also include the overwhelming reality of worldwide events as they are happening. 2023 Jan 5;23(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14917-9. This begs the question, what is the relationship between social media use and college student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: a meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies. That will empower us to face a changing world that, yes, will include regular exposure to pain, comparison, and judgment, he added. It was measured based on the response to an item in the questionnaire: How often were you exposed to social media? Package metafor. [continuous]. The measurement of exposure was expressed in different wordings as follows: Less vs. Frequently, Less vs. Often, less than 1 hour vs. 2 hours or more, or less than 3 hours vs. 3 hours or more. To calculate the overall effect, these individually measured exposure levels were operationally redefined (e.g., Less and Few were considered the same as less than 2 hours; less than 1 hour, Frequently, and Often were treated the same as 2 hours or more and 3 hours or more). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Book BMJ. The concept behind our blog focuses on the effects that social media has on young adults' mental health and more specifically, the impact it has had during this pandemic. As expected, results from regression analyses indicated that a higher level of social media use was associated with worse mental health. Data show that around 20% of children and adolescents worldwide live with a mental health condition. 2003;19(6):65971. Study data were extracted by two independent researchers (YRL and YJJ). More than 80% (95%CI:80.9%-83.1%) of participants reported frequently exposed to social media. [1] [2] The pandemic has caused widespread anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Sage Open. Everybody realizes that mental strength and mental flexibility that is, mental and behavioral health and social wellness applies to all of us. The results were similar to the overall outcome (anxiety: OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.211.96; depression: OR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.692.90). Relationships between physical activity, body image, BMI, depression and anxiety in Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and combination of depression and anxiety (CDA) was 48.3% (95%CI: 46.9%-49.7%), 22.6% (95%CI: 21.4%-23.8%) and 19.4% (95%CI: 18.3%-20.6%) during COVID-19 outbroke in Wuhan, China. Kaurani P, Batra K, Hooja HR, Banerjee R, Jayasinghe RM, Bandara DL, et al. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Comput Hum Behav. There is no convincing evidence that depression is caused by serotonin abnormalities. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot analysis and Eggers test (Supplementary Material 41). McCrae N, Gettings S, Purssell E. Social media and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review. The authors would like to thank the Editage (www.editage.co.kr) for English language editing. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In a recent paper, researchers reviewed studies linking exercise, relationships, and passion to brain health. Eligibility flow diagram of study selection, MeSH Results: As expected, results from regression analyses indicated that a higher level of social media use was associated with worse mental health. Int JMent Health Addict. Lastly, some of the analysis showed a relatively high inter-study heterogeneity (range: I2=0.0080.53%). Yet, this increased use may have amplified social anxiety and challenges with perfectionism and comparison for some people. A meta-analysis of 11 studies (2017) also reported a weak association between social media use and depressive symptoms in children [22]. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, U.S. college students reported increased anxiety and depression. Disclaimer. He suggests that social media platforms could consider improvements to build in mental well-being protection, including: According to Chambers, when it comes to [using] social media, both moderation of time and content consumed and intentionality play a significant part in garnering the benefits and reducing the downsides.. While we are all impacted in differing ways by social media consumption, the continual flow of negative and misinformation during the past 18 months have spread fear; the highlighting of social and political issues has reduced optimism; and edited photos and toxically positive content leave no space to feel secure or express negative emotions healthily. International Journal of Stress Management, 19(2), 132150. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Social media elements, ecologies, and effects. This health misinformation may lead to an increase in fear, anxiety, and poor health choices. Int J Soc Psychiatry. Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Lim LTS, Regencia ZJG, Dela Cruz JRC, Ho FDV, Rodolfo MS, Ly-Uson J, Baja ES. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Exploring the effects of social media on mental health during COVID The positive effect of social media while COVID. Research has shown that people in a videoconference who spent more time looking at themselves had more negative moods after the interaction. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0. Mental Health Awareness month was established in 1949 by the national advocacy organization Mental Health America. J Health Psychol. The site is secure. A compulsive need to know. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 2023 Jan 31;12:23. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_460_22. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Social media use can affect users' physical health even more directly. Macaranas AR, ElTohamy A, Hyun S, Chae DH, Stevens C, Chen JA, Liu CH. The study recruited 101 participants, and found relationships between social media use, levels of loneliness, and other mental health issues, such as anxiety. Biometrics. Social media counteracted physical distance policies and played as an immediate source of (mis)information for users, but also anticipated the impact of the most uncertain times of this COVID-19 physical health crisis on well-being and mental health. Bao, Y. , Sun, Y. , Meng, S. , Shi, J. , & Lu, L. (2020). Further observation studies with longitudinal design to determine the true effect of social media platform are required. There are many aspects where this can be achieved. Communication changes. anxiety & depression) in cross-sectional studies. This, of course, has many positive and negative effects on us. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of people across the globe. And mental health disorders, including anxiety and depression, can worsen. No ethical approval and patient consent are required since this study data is based on published literature. Flowchart of literature search and selection of the publications. A research report published in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that there is an association between pandemic threats and extensive anxiety and concern among the public. All rights reserved. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Feb 23;20(5):3950. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20053950. In terms of excessive use, the advantages gained from social media use to dispel mental stress can go into reverse: overuse can pose an increased risk to mental health. J Med Internet Res. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plotbased method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. , Imani, V. , Saffari, M. , Griffiths, M.D. Estimates presented in odds ratios (OR). How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health around the world, and what can we do about it? Reports of death, illness, grief, unemployment, loss of businesses, food insecurity, evictions, and homelessness are constant reminders of the pandemic-related devastation that currently grips our nation. eCollection 2023 Apr. The studies after retrieval evaluated the association between time spent on social media platform and mental health outcomes (i.e. Ahorsu, D.K. The kappa statistic (inter-rater agreement) was 33.3%, indicating fair agreement. Interaction effects of social media use and the COVID19 stressor on depression. The fear of missing out. The search terms for a systematic search were as following: (1) (COVID-19 OR corona) AND (mental health OR depress* OR anxiety) AND (social media OR Instagram OR Facebook OR twitter) for PubMed, (2) (coronavirus disease 2019/exp/mj) AND (mental health/exp/mj OR depression/exp OR anxiety/exp) AND (social media/exp./mj OR Facebook/exp. 2020;27(3):taaa031. However, the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes among adolescents remains understudied. Path analysis examining the mediating role of negative affect and the interaction between social media use and the COVID19 stressor on psychological outcomes simultaneously (. Three studies each on anxiety and depression (Supplementary Material 11-2, 12-2) reported their findings in (n=2376 and n=2574 for anxiety and depression, respectively). doi: 10.2196/38589. A sample of 351 adults (women/men 4:1) aged 18 to 60 participated in an online survey administered during the first two waves (15 March-25 April and 10 October-25 November 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine. 2020;25(1):7993. As government health organizations used it to relay recent findings on prevention and treatment, social media became more than a place to post the latest vacation photos it became a hub of pandemic-related information. R news. 2021 Aug;67(5):576-586. doi: 10.1177/0020764020944200. 2022 May 3;17(5):e0267555. 1). A sample of 512 (62.5% women; Mage = 22.12 years, SD = 2.47) Chinese college students participated in this study from 24 March to 1 April 2020 via online questionnaire. eCollection 2023. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Fear of COVID-19 may be compounded by coexisting depression and anxiety disorders [27]. In addition, excessive exposure to disaster on social media may trigger negative affect, which may in turn contribute to mental health problems. Every selection stage involved three independent researchers (two medical doctors [SJJ and YRL] and one graduate student from the Epidemiology Department [YJJ]). There is an important difference between forgiving and reconciling. Stress and depressive symptoms in university students in Hong Kong under the pandemic: Moderating effect of positive psychological attributes.
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