And "La Carambada," a female bandit who dressed in male clothing, robbed travelers in Quertaro, Mexico, during the mid-nineteenth century. Latin American elites long have recognized the dangerous political potential of banditry and have made vigorous efforts to contain it. Granite Island: A Portrait of Corsica. As the genesis of banditry was personal, so too was its prosecution. [25], Once they forcefully acquired goods and commodities, bandits had to sell them. They exhibited little loyalty and switched sides according to their assessment of the best potential profit. In the late nineteenth century Corsican bandits liked to present themselves as "Robin Hood" figures. From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. These raids, in turn, endeared them to Spains colonial rivals England and France, which offered various forms of support. Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. From the perspective of the state, the Mafia and brigantaggio became part of the wider questione meridionale (the southern question): Why is the South backward, crime ridden, and state resistant? Blok, Anton. Bandits in a Landscape: A Study of Romantic Painting from Caravaggio to Delacroix. Modern research has tried to debunk this myth, but largely to no avail. Rather than being champions of the poor, bandits often terrorized and oppressed them. There is ample proof, though hardly needed, that vagrants and social bandits were brothers in hardship and frequently mixed with each other. In one occasion, the influential eunuch Zhang Zhong helped his sworn brother Zhang Mao to negotiate with a commander sent to hunt down local bandits. The peak of Catalan banditry was during the reign of Philip III (15981621). But Latin American bandits have appeared in varied and complex guises. Such tales romanticize bandits and ignore their ignoble deeds, such as robbing, terrorizing, and killing peasants. "The Greek Hero." If youre not sure, you can usually refer to a large collection of a bug species as a swarm (for large groups of flying insects) or colony. In the beginning he is portrayed as an ordinary criminal robbing from everyone in sight. Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. Banditry is a vague concept of criminality and in modern usage can be synonymous for gangsterism, brigandage, marauding, terrorism, piracy and thievery. Essentialist definitions are not helpful to understanding; yet because what passes as banditry cannot be analytically separated from wide areas of social life, its presentation in discourse is particularly significant. In its archaic form, venery is a noun that means the sport or act of hunting game beasts; the chase. This comes from the Medieval Latin word venaria, meaning beasts of the chase, game.. had marks left on them. Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. "[10] As a result, Tong finds that banditry, like other types of collective violence, had a spatial and temporal pattern. In Brazil, Silvino and Lampio cooperated with elites, not the peasant masses. Lampio (Virgolino Ferreira da Silva) and Antnio Silvino in Brazil, Po Romero in Bolivia, and Manuel Garca in Cuba became symbols of popular resistance to oppression. The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). Many bandits in Corsica, Sicily, Cypress, and elsewhere embarked on their careers through personal vendettas. Gorriti, Juana Manuela. In a number of places, however, bandits belonged to the peasantry through their presence in widely circulated chapbooks, which popularized and contemporized bandits. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. (They mainly protect the surrounding villages from a group of bandits.) German authorities suppressed partisan opposition with maximum force[4] [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. [23], Bandits technique involved the martial skills to use various weapons, ranging from bows and arrows to swords. However, if youre in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. Banditry in Europe traditionally appeared in areas where large-scale landholding coexisted with a relatively permanent intermediate strata of leaseholders or freeholders based upon family-sized plots, such as in Sicily, parts of Greece, and Cyprus. [22] This was especially troubling when soldiers lived physically far from their superiors: when soldiers committed robbery, civil officials had no jurisdiction nor power to apprehend them. Torino, Italy, 1983. Nor was it because they lived or died "nobly." The serrano (mountain region) uprisings during the Mexican Revolution offer another good example of political banditry cutting across class barriers. Archives europennes de Sociologie 24 (1983): 96114. In the latter, banditry appears to have been more resilient, especially where a combination of external factors militated against turning pastoralists into peasants. So does banditry become a historiographical discourse about order, justice, and freedom. In both cases, there was a political consciousness and agenda at work, a situation not typical of the pre-political social bandit. Encyclopedia of European Social History. "Genuine" banditry always seems to have existed in the past, never in the present. A politically powerful family could insulate bandits from police and legal authorities. On the other hand it suggests that ordinary peasants or pastoralists, the source of national folklore and the social stratum from whom bandits were traditionally recruited, possessed the right ethnic sentiments in rejecting foreign authority, exploitation, and other abuses. a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman hitman killer mugger murderer parricide poisoner She married at the age 11 to a man three times her age, but was abandoned by her husband and her family after the marriage broke down. Why did bandits steal? Richard W. Slatta, ed., Bandidos: The Varieties of Latin American Banditry (1987). Cambridge, U.K., 1992. However, if you ever see a bunch of birds and cant identify the species, you can always refer to them as a flock without much issue. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, The term violence is used to describe animal and human behavior that threatens to cause or causes severe harm to a target. Despite the popular image, polygyny among bandits was the exception and not the rule. Inevitably, state authorities viewed such violence as a sign of "barbarism" to be mercilessly extirpated, and as a moral weakness in the peasants who were duped by the bandits. A hares group is known as a husk, but the more used term that people would use is a drove of hares. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. He and his gang invaded isolated farmhouses, terrorizing and torturing the female occupants into giving up their valuables. But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. Louis A. Prez, Jr., Lords of the Mountain: Social Banditry and Peasant Protest in Cuba, 18781918 (1989). 2023 . SStartingCell= (area ID) and save it. Banditry can be defined simply as the act of taking property from another by using force or the threat of force. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. But more informal kinds of banditry occurred in other settings. Another way to say Group Of Bandits? The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term paramilitary as ancillary to and similarly organized to military forces. Almost, Mafia Another skill was the ability to deploy road blocks to stop and prey on travelers. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by piracy and organized crime syndicates. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. Peasant stories about bandits exhibit what Erick D. Langer has termed "a selective memory." Myth and folklore color some famous bandits so completely that accurate historical depiction is difficult. In the 1962 film classic Cartouche, Jean-Paul Belmondo plays the role of this infamous eighteenth-century French bandit. The collective name for a group of apes is called a shrewdness. Man New Ser., 14 (1979): 477496. The rural poor sometimes used banditry to express political sentiments. Because they were embedded in local communities, bandits benefited from a grassroots solidarity against outsiders and state authority. Consequently, it is difficult at the local level to distinguish those acts that can be called personal (such as a vendetta over a matter of honor) from those that can be labeled political (such as protecting the political interests of the elite). Some estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion insects for every single human on the planet. American Quarterly 56, no. Spanish bandits of this period operated in many parts of the country, especially in Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, and Castile. Privateering could be shady business, and this accounts for some of the lexical overlap with the word pirate. 139149. Often all these features coexist in particular examples of banditry, although one may be more dominant than the others. Zilberg, Elana. The ways in which bandits were portrayed in the modern nation-state and the ways such symbols were used to legitimate contemporary struggles are as significant as what the bandits actually did and represented. Florence, 1977. Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1972): 494503. The use of privateers allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies, but there were trade-offs. The state attempts to capture the offenders and, if it is successful, executes them. Traditional banditry has often been accompanied by extreme violence in both its expression and its repression. Basingstoke, U.K., 1988. Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu). In postindependence Greece Klephtic heroes figured prominently in nationalist rhetoric. Brigandage moved from being a question of individual barbarism that the state had to extirpate by aggressive actions such as massive repression to one of collective measurement, documentation, education, and economic development. As the term corsair is specific to the Mediterranean, the term buccaneer is specific to the Caribbean and the Pacific coast of Central America. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. As the name suggests, privateers were private individuals commissioned by governments to carry out quasi-military activities. Mounted banditry was the major and pervasive type of banditry plaguing roads around the capital Beijing and its surrounding areas, administrated and named as the Capital Region. Chicago, 1935. Thus activities by bandits that had political implications (such as violence that kept the peasants cowed and docile) were often perceived as personal at the grass roots and hence of only limited concern, except to the participants. The body had to be "prepared" retroactivelydisassembled and then reassembled in a grotesque parody of the original bodyto be offered back to the group who "made" it. Spraggs, Gillian. Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. The more protected an individual was, especially by powerful patrons, as in Sicily, the less he needed to use violence for the meanings it could convey and the more opportunities he had to employ ambiguity and courtesya point noted by many outside observers, although such courtesy must surely have been ironic. Dickie, John. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. Turpin is another fascinating case of an early modern criminal whom history turned from a ruffian into a glamorous character. . Although there are examples of lone bandits, bandits tended to form into fluid bands, sometimes of up to twenty persons. On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". Women most likely lived with male bandit gangs at their hideouts. Local responses were mixed but increasingly hostile to such collective negative stereotypes. was, as Hobsbawm has shown, a somewhat less suitable candidate for idealization. The mythology and rhetoric that surround banditry must be interpreted carefully. 2 (1982): 58-89. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. Recent research has revealed that bandits cannot be generally identified with the itinerant population. [33] Such transition was not permanent and could often be reversed. Runaway slaves or maroons sometimes became highwaymen, stealing from travelers to survive. A final important variable is the process of mythicizing at the local and national levels. [35] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. A member of the slighted family, usually a young man, responds with violence, thereby breaking state law, and flees. [13] Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. [2], Pope Sixtus V had about 5,000 bandits executed in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout Central Italy. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Violence is targeted specifically against persons and properties (usually animals) of persons, and displayed through stories. In Andalusia local communists turned nineteenth-century bandits into protorebels in the regional cause, symbols in their devolutionist struggles with Madrid. The romanticization of banditry is a phenomenon that started with the popular ballads about prominent ringleaders such as Louis Dominique Cartouche in the eighteenth century. In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrnis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. In historical settings where these practices were common, the line between privateer and pirate was blurred. It operates between the state-imposed system of law and social order on one hand and the local system of vengeance and grassroots conceptions of justice on the other. ." . see also one-armed bandit banditry / bndtri/ noun [noncount] They were charged with banditry and smuggling. He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits. The Colombian Violencia offers another example of banditry, which even Hobsbawm acknowledges to be "in essence more political than social." Translated by Alan Sheridan. Nobody likes a know-it-all, especially when youre not actually 100% right. Davis, John, A. Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. During the Mexican Revolution, peasants formed regional bandit gangs to combat the encroachment of large haciendas or other forces of change that disrupted traditional Indian village life. In reality bandits changed sides according to self-interest. Marginal rural people became guerrilla bandits, drawn to war by coercion or by promises of booty. Regl, Joan. Bracewell, Catherine Wendy. Brigands with a Cause. In Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 42, Rome, 1975. bandit noun [ C ] us / bn.dt / uk / bn.dt / a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people traveling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman The state is therefore complicit in the construction and interpretation of banditry. Sustained banditry required concealable, transportable wealth (cash, cash crops, animals, alcohol, narcotics) that left few traces. Some bandits actually had a settled life and were even married. The other French bandit-hero of the eighteenth century, Robert Mandrin (17241755) In early twentieth-century southern Bolivia, the peasants used banditry, mass mobilization, or litigation, depending on the strength of their corporate identity and cohesiveness. Robbed from the rich and corrupt like monks & local magistrates and gave to the poor. Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). Franchetti, Luigi, and Sidney Sonnino. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Gaunt, William. Furthermore, a group of young hares is often called leverets. In Corsica, for example, many bandits were obliged to rely on the support of family and kin and thus soon found themselves further enmeshed in family feuds. The name is derived from the French boucan, a grill for smoking meat, and was first applied to French wild game hunters living in western Hispaniola in the early 17th century. Synonyms for Group Of Bandits (other words and phrases for Group Of Bandits). Throughout the Mediterranean, at least as far back as the eighteenth century, banditry has often been incorporated in nationalist and regional rhetoric. Although it would be simplistic to attribute the decline of banditry in the modern world to the state's increasing monopoly of violence, this is certainly important. He eventually settled on robbery. Hart, David. After a short time he left his hiding place and tried his hand at smuggling. Rousseau's imagining of the Corsican way of life contains many of the germinal contradictory notions about bandits that developed in romanticism and have retained popular currency. After the selection and killing of the victim, whether the original offender or a surrogate, the body was often mutilated to underscore the significance of the act of revenge. All rights reserved. "Fools Banished from the Kingdom: Remapping Geographies of Gang Violence between the Americas (Los Angeles and San Salvador)." The victim was therefore defined taxonomically. (April 27, 2023). Local codes of behavior such as omert (Sicilian for "silence") obliged individuals to maintain a solidarity of silence and noncooperation with the authorities or risk extreme ostracism and revenge. Some of the most notorious corsairs were the Barbary corsairs of North Africa, who were aligned with the Ottoman Empire but were often beyond the empires ability to control them. Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty relates that the great bandit Zhang Mao lived in a big mansion in his hometown Wenan. Tiger Yang once served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers. Banditry, Chivalry, and Terror in German Fiction, 17901830. Bandits prevented and suppressed peasant mobility by putting down collective peasant action through terror and by carving out avenues of individual social mobility that weakened collective action. If bandits are the backward, bloodthirsty, unthinking, "barbarians" the state (and army) portray them as, then it is the state's duty to suppress them in order to protect "civilized" values. Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. It functions as a warning and a deterrence against further acts of violence. Also known as the Bandit Queen, Phoolan Devi was born in 1963 in the north of India into a poor low-caste family. He is still celebrated in German folklore, being idealized as a "social bandit." Terms of venery is the more official phrase for what we know as collective nouns, nouns of assembly, or names for groups of animals. Translated by Sin Reynolds. . You should by all means use these collective words to enhance your writing or add a neat flourish to your poetry, but avoid using them as some sort of official scientific designation or (worse) to correct people. Balboa Navarro, Imilcy. ." The age-old conflict between pastoralists and agriculturalists obliged the former to intimidate peasants, especially in the new Greek state, which radically reduced the amount of land available for pasturage and tried to encourage the expansion of the small peasant cultivator class. [15] Furthermore, the Region's economy provided plentiful opportunities for highway robbery. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Likewise, stories about bandits should not be treated as primary raw data on the bandits themselves or as simple expressions of hidden peasant aspirations, but rather as the result of a process of elaborated discourse (including textual discourse and reinterpretation) about power relations within society. The Redbrands, sometimes called the Redbrand Ruffians, were a group of bandits and brigands active in the resettled frontier town of Phandalin and nearby Triboar Trail region in the late 15th century DR. The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was Acht or Reichsacht, translated as "Imperial ban". Other sources, such as ballads, popular accounts, and oral historyoften bypassed by traditional historians engaged in depicting the history of the nation-state as the progress of civilization over barbarismconcentrated on bandits' roles as popular heroes. https://www.britannica.com/story/pirates-privateers-corsairs-buccaneers-whats-the-difference. Encyclopedia of European Social History. These so-called bandits, which operate in Nigeria's northwest, are "terrorizing civilians, destabilising the region, and empowering jihadists," a report published in Foreign Policy said. . Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions Recommended for you 2 vols. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. Guerrilla popular uprisings (casting "banditry" as an expression of the struggle for freedom) against outside despotism in Corsica in the mid-eighteenth century, and Greece in the early nineteenth, caught public imagination. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. Since the nineteenth century there have been two discourses on banditry, intimately tied with the nation-state and its imaginative geography. According to Hobsbawm, bandits were symptoms of major transformations in society, but they did not themselves transform it; they were activists, not ideologues, and after World War II they disappeared. Carrington, Dora. Encyclopedia.com. (April 27, 2023). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry Michel Foucault noted that the greater the spectacle of state punishment (and most glorifications of banditry by the peasantry date from the period immediately after the establishment of nation-states), the greater the risk that it would be rejected by the very people to whom such spectacles were addressed. [18] In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. Encyclopedia.com. In Ottoman times, the many wars in the Balkans left poverty and anarchy in their wakesuitable conditions for the work of brigands and bandits. Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution. The exact origin isnt well known, though it might allude to the crows association with death. Popular models of suffering were available in the lives and tortures of saints, and imprisoned bandits could become like saints, especially when they repented. Foucault, Michel. That power can also be manifested in the paradoxical expressiveness of silencethe unspoken stories that say it all. Run away from home and eventually became the leader of a group of bandits. A trader who worked for Queen Philippa of Hainault, the wife of Edward III, was holding some jewels on her behalf in his house in London. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). The population shared with rulers and governments the general feeling that pilfering beggars and occasional stealers of food and wood among the local poor were something one knew how to deal with. Murphy, Agnes Genevieve. While you are within your rights to refer to them as a bunch of guys, animal species all have their own collective group names. "Banditry Translated by Sergio Waisman. History Workshop 33 (1992): 124. Banditry tended to appear less frequently in areas with large masses of rural proletarians, such as Puglia in southern Italy. This interpretation is also problematic since violence reinforces the fragmentation of peasant collective consciousness but is not its direct cause. Alternatively, the offenders are betrayed by other families, also resulting in their deaths. Stories about bandits are therefore an intrinsic part of the phenomenon. They would sail in privately owned armed ships, robbing merchant vessels and pillaging settlements belonging to a rival country. Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. See also the sectionRural Life (volume 2);Peasants and Rural Laborers and the sectionSocial Protest (in this volume); and other articles in this section. In their typical form, most stories about bandits can be reduced to the following pattern: The triggering incident is a slight to personal or family honor by another family or individual of equal or superior status. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . Oxford, 1987. "Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth Century." London and New York, 1988. When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. A Reuters report said that authorities in the area have attributed the most recent case of mass kidnapping to an armed group of bandits. What is a Group of Rabbits Called? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Paris, 1861. He had assembled a massive following and by using his connection and wealth, he managed to bribe and befriend important eunuchs in the court. Other Italian bandits never reached his fame as they lacked popular support. The packaging of the myth of banditry in nationalist political rhetoric cannot be disregarded as unrelated to historical and anthropological analysis. This term is also used when informally referring to a young rabbit. Koliopoulos, Johns. Encyclopedia.com. Bandits are seen as beyond the pale of "civilized society," a symptom of the low level of development of the countryside, a problem impeding progress and thus meriting swift, equally brutal, suppression by the army or police, without much regard to the constitutional human rights the modern state claims to protect. They exhibited clear partisan rather than class leanings. Zugasti, de, J. El Bandolerismo Andaluz. In Anglo-American folklore Dick Turpin (17051739) is the English counterpart of Cartouche. E for Eagles Create a text document there and call it bandit (not bandit.ini not Bandit, it has to be bandit ). They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. They were known as train and bank robbers. ." Guerrilla banditry became common in Venezuela, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere during the wars for independence and civil wars of the nineteenth century. It was not the traveling life that led some persons to banditry.
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