proposed a statistical method to evaluate the universality of citation impact metrics, i.e., their capability to compare impact fairly across fields. It is argued that, in fact, the status of self-citations is more than that of a stepchild in the family of scientometrics (Schubert 2016). The model was also used to assess any differences in citation rates attributed to the field category. 5a, b). Finally, though WOS is a comprehensive and highly regarded database, it is not without shortcomings. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737766.2008.10700836. Publish or Perish is a software program that retrieves and analyzes academic citations. Correspondence to Citation rates are heavily dependent on the discipline and the number of people working in that area. That is to say: a test threshold value is set above the third quartile (Q3) boundary equivalent to N times the inter-quartile range (Q3Q1). American Documentation,14(3), 195201. 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same Fields that lie outside the main distribution (Pharmacology, Mathematics and Space Science) have been labelled. Gender differences in synchronous and diachronous self-citations. It's calculated by dividing the total number of citations received by all papers in the group (defined by research field and publication year) by the total number of papers in the group. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. A Cited Reference Search will provide the number of times a particular publication has been cited in the Web of Science database since its publication. Journal of Academic Ethics,6(1), 6778. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. 2018; Baccini et al. Figure3 presents clear visual confirmation that the self-referencing rate across most fieldsshown here by rank order of the medianis rather low with a very consistent pattern which includes all but the most-citing three or four fields. 2019; Peroni et al. The log plots provide an informative analysis for outlier detection. You can find an article's field normalized citation metrics in either iCite or Scopus. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.) https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095. The fourth age of research. Elsevier Scopus provides traditional citation counts, the Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and benchmarking. This may also be the reason why papers with shorter titles get more citations, given that they are usually covering a broader area. Journal of Informetrics,12(1), 203216. Researchers are selected for their publication output in one or more of the 21 fields used in ESI or across several fields (Appendix Table1). The log plot is of benefit because it is a more appropriate presentation of the data for a negative binomial distribution. The 10-year average for Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,40(5), 342349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000384. Gaming the metrics: Misconduct and manipulation in academic research. Measuring research. 2018; Zhao and Strotmann 2018; Kacem et al. Article PLoS Biology, 17(8), article number e3000384. This suggests that journal impact factor, which is a product of the number of citations that recently published articles receive, will likely be drastically influenced by the number of Covid-19 papers that a journal has included within its pages in the previous years. The Percentiles Table displays levels of citation activity. Journal of Informetrics,12(3), 931949. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551511412027. The graph below depicts the percentile rank of Frontiers journals (blue dots) in their respective JCR category. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153730. Citation gaming induced by bibliometric evaluation: A country-level comparative analysis. Before considering what rates or levels of self-citation are excessive and suggestive of citation manipulation, we need to consider the definition of self-citation and the factors apart from merit or manipulation that influence the extent of self-citation in the literature. Sherief A. Ghozy, [6] examined OA article citation performance in the field of civil engineering, in terms of jour- . (2010). Brooks, T. A. Each table contains citation data for the past ten years. To calculate the RCR, we first need to determine the average annual citation rate for the article (citations / years). by the total number of papers. In thesecases, it is preferable to use some form of normalization to allow for the differences in fields and time (see Category Normalized Citation Impact,% Documents in Top 1% and % Documents in Top 10%, Average Percentile). The following chart shows the differences between Citation Impact of various subject categories. Data displayed are the average percentage of citations from (self-referencing to earlier papers) and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. When comparing Covid-19 papers and the 1:1 randomized sample of non-Covid-19 papers, the median citation decreases from 21.63 to 20.1 for non-Covid-19 citations and the citation ratio between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers climbs to 6.01 (p = <0.001). Citation metrics are widely used and misused. Frandsen, T. F. (2007). Evidence of complex citer motivations. Clinical medicine is the largest field (448 Highly Cited Researchers). A., Bresciani, K., Ramos, T., De Matos, L., Castellane, P., & Cerdeira, M. (2015). The database tags papers as articles if they meet the following criteria: Reports of research on original works. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021919228368. The patterns of self-citation rates suggest a very broad cultural consensus about the balance between building on ones own work and recognising the influence of others. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23302. Further, 91% of the papers under the Article category in the database were classified as original works by the journals themselves. The journal impact factor, the two-year average ratio of citations to articles published, is a measure of the importance of journals. While our research reveals the substantial degree to which Covid-19 articles are being cited in top journals relative to non-Covid-19 articles, the effect on journals themselves remains to be seen. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,61(7), 15141515. Unsurprisingly, several seminal Covid-19 publications have been cited at incredibly high rates as researchers have turned to these papers to help guide their next steps [68]. Average citation rate for publications in a number research fields. (2018). 2019). Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World,3, 122. More recent studies include those of Glnzel and colleagues (Glnzel et al. Outliers beyond the high-end group in some but not all categories, and where occurrence is unrelated to sample size. Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity. Because this dataset includes what are acknowledged to be particularly influential researchers, the results may not be wholly typical of the average researcher in the field but should serve as a bellwether for culturally appropriate citation practice. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(9), 19231932. Larivive, V., Gingras, Y., Sugimoto, C. R., & Tsou, A. According to Clarivate Analytics, a Cited Reference Search will . Across eight selected fields, the median citation for a Covid-19 paper approaches six times that of a non-Covid-19 paper within the same journals. ISBN 0 2625 37933. The publication channels for many Highly Cited Researchers are the journals readily recognised as leading in their field, but this is not the case for some prolific self-citers. We estimated the effect of Covid-19 subject on citation counts using a negative binomial regression model. Disentangling Gold Open Access. For Articles in the field Chemistry, Organic published in 2010 (A&B) it would be: For articles in Chemistry, Physical published in 2010 (B&C) it would be: For reviews in Chemistry, Organic published in 2010 (D) it would be: Note: The citation distribution for any set of publications is typically skewed towards a small number of highly cited papers and a largenumber of papers with relatively few citations. Field normalized citation metrics are used to attempt to contextualize the citation rate of an article to the expected citation rate of other articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year. 2004, 2006; Fowler and Aksnes 2007; Costas et al. Self-citations at the meso and individual levels: Effects of different calculation methods. Andersen, J. P., Schneider, J. W., Jagsi, R. & Nielsen, M. W. (2019). As noted in the Introduction, typical rate of self-referencing around 10% was discussed by Garfield (1979) and has since been found by others. American Sociological Review,22(6), 635659. Any person attempting to do this would have to publish very frequently to make any difference. 2019; Biagioli and Lippman 2020). (2013). 3 (self-referencing) and Fig. An updated review of studies on citations in scientific documents published between 2006 and 2018. Scientometrics,15(56), 437447. 2015; Bakare and Lewison 2017; Bornmann et al. It is evident that the modal self-reference share is around 57% and the modal self-citation count is less than 5%, but this will be shown to vary by field. A/B = 2021 impact factor. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The comparative median rates of a self-referencing and b self-citation analysed by Essential Science Indicator field and the comparative lower thresholds for indicative outliers in those fields. Ranking of the top 10 most-cited journals in several JCR categories (released in 2021 by Web of Science Group). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161021. Based on Scopus, it provides a measure of journal citation impact to 27,200 titles (in 2021), 15,300 more than the Impact . The 10-year average for Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. Scientometrics,91(3), 943953. Like any metric, field normalized citation metrics have their limitations. Bibliographical statistics as a guide to growth points in science. from any single year between 2008 and the present. 4 (self-citing) and in the Appendix (Table2: self-referencing and Table3: self-citing) as linear data for ready interpretation of percentages. We describe both a generic level of median self-referencing rates, common to most fields, and a graphical, distribution-driven assessment of excessive self-citation that demarcates a threshold not dependent on statistical tests or percentiles (since for some fields all values are within a central normal range). We used WOS to determine the difference in rates at which Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles from 24 top medical journals are being cited. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-008-9055-y. The prevalence of synchronous self-citation practices at the institutional level. Finally, the model was adjusted to account for the discrepancy in volume between non-Covid-19 papers and Covid-19 papers. will be below the citation rate for all years. Garfield, E., & Sher, I. H. (1963). Patterns of self-citation across disciplines (19801989). Median and range were used to represent continuous variables (not normally distributed) while we used frequencies and percentages to represent categorical variables. https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.06142. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026644. Glnzel, W., Thijs, B., & Schlemmer, B. The preliminary clusters were then cleaned by visual inspection and further aggregated where appropriate. An index to quantify an individuals scientific research output. Exceptional medians were Space Science (SPA, 14.1%) and Mathematics (MAT, 15.6%). How frequently are articles in predatory open access journals cited. Informed judgment is, as elsewhere in good research management, an essential step in valid decision-making. Data are plotted both as a linear and as a log-normal plot. 2010). Note, in this paper, that we refer to self-references and to self-cites and that they are not the same thing. https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02948. (1998). Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. Individual author data-points appear as outliers, discontinuous with the central range, which lie beyond the calculated test thresholds. (2013). Scientometrics,72(3), 427437. Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. K. (2018). Bonzi, S., & Snyder, H. W. (1991). InCites Benchmarking & Analytics is a research analytics tool. Detecting h-index manipulation through self-citation analysis. Citation benchmarking shows how citations received by this article compare with the average for similar articles. This equates to a Covid-19: non-Covid-19 ratio of 5.58 citations per article. Scientometrics,113(2), 11991207. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,36(4), 223229. No clear reference thresholds and no firm consensus on the management of self-citation data has emerged but opinion now appears to favor leaving self-citations in the dataeven in the context of research evaluation, even for individuals, and thus contrary to traditional viewsbut accounting for them in some manner (Glnzel 2008; Costas et al. Copyright: 2022 Brandt et al. It follows that 90% of Microbiology papers published in 2011 received fewer than 14 citations. Individual, country, and journal self-citation in soil science. bioRxiv preprint, December 23, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.20.884031. To explore the variation in self-citation by field, a standard visualisation was created to evaluate the profile of the bulk of the population and the location within that profile of the median and upper and lower quartiles. MathSciNet Google Scholar allows for searching of a particular work or author and retrieves results from a variety of sources such as peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, meeting abstracts, web sites, gray literature, PPTs and other formats. Erikson, M. G., & Erlandson, P. (2014). Covid-19 has been front and center in the global landscape since the beginning of 2020. ScienceDirect offers a search feature that displays cited references (journal articles or books) for a specific author or publication. The method to calculate the impact factor of The Social Science Journal is as follows. Chubin, D. E., & Moitra, S. D. (1975). ESI is a compilation of science performance statistics and science trends data using data from Clarivate Analytics Web of Science. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580486. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,54(3), 251259. Reasons for self-citation include: the cumulative nature of individual research, the need for personal gratification, or the value of self-citation as a rhetorical and tactical tool in the struggle for visibility and scientific authority (Fowler and Aksnes 2007). [20] Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,[21] spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source. The extended verification and manual curation applied to these data has enabled us to focus with some accuracy on the citation behaviour that is revealed and, since this group necessarily includes a high proportion of leading and influential researchers, the behaviour reflected in these data may be taken as a signal of established cultural norms. Journal of Information Science,37(5), 453461. Bakare, V., & Lewison, G. (2017). These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor. This was particularly true among the outliers, in other words: researchers who self-reference at unusually high rates (above the central range) are also authors on papers where an unusually high proportion of the citations received are self-citations. Team size matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900. A citation rate is the average number of citations received by a group of papers published in one research field in a given year. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(7), 13231332. What do citation counts measure? Science,335(6068), 542543. Linear plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-referencing to earlier papers by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. PLoS ONE 17(7): 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03139-3. Part I: Articles and their characteristics", Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, "Relation between online "hit counts" and subsequent citations: Prospective study of research papers in the BMJ", "Can Tweets Predict Citations? Snyder, H., & Bonzi, S. (1998). The Field Rankings Field Rankings displays total papers, total citations received, citations per paper, and Hot and Highly Cited papers in each field. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0006-3. The median (M=Q2) and lower (Q1) and upper (Q3) quartile values for percentage self-citation rate among Highly Cited Researchers were calculated for each ESI field. Hyland, K. (2003). https://doi.org/10.1556/Scient.67.2006.2.8. A high rate of self-referencing may reflect research in a specialty area or convey a pattern of a cohesive and sustained research program (Cooke and Donaldson 2014). The impact of the national assessment exercises on self-citation rate and publication venue: An empirical investigation on the engineering academic sector in Italy. 2019; Seeber et al. 3) HPoP also provides an age-weighted citation rate (AWCR) that measures the average number of citations to an entire body of work, adjusted for the number of years since the academic's first paper was published. [50] This finding has suggested a universal citation impact measure that extends the h-index by properly rescaling citation counts and resorting publications, however the computation of such a universal measure requires the collection of extensive citation data and statistics for every discipline and year. 2019). The self-cited rate of scientific journals and the manipulation of their impact factors. 2019; Biagioli et al. Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated. Nature,497(7451), 557560. Typically, the citation rate of papers published in the last three years This quantitative aspect of growth of research fields may lead to higher average citation rates for early publications within the field, compared to publications of the same age in fields with less growth. Minasny, B., Hartemink, A. E., & McBratney, A. EPL, 78(3), article number 30002. https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/78/30002. Self-citation is the hallmark of productive authors, of any gender. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. Through this selection process, over 6000 researchers were recognized: 3517 within the 21 ESI fields; and 2491 in the additional cross-field category created to recognize equivalent contributions across several fields. Glnzel, W., Debackere, K., Thijs, B., & Schubert, A. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02016632. San Jose, CA. For an overview of FWCIs and how they're calculated, see: For a quick overview of field weighted citation impact metrics (which includes FWCI), see: Ebling Library, Health Sciences Learning Center An authors self-references are a fixed ratio at a given time, and the calculation of a self-referencing rate uses as a denominator all cited references in the publications of the author. Some descriptive examples illustrate the variation. 1. A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes. The outcomes of analysis of citations to and from highly cited papers broadly concur. Next, articles without the terms Covid-19, coronavirus, or SARS-CoV-2 in the title were selected to provide an average citation rate for only non-Covid-19 articles in the journal. Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries? Article citations also increased by 46%, totalling 3 million citations. As such, researchers are eager to add their contributions to what is known and what can be done to combat Covid-19 and, to do this, are citing earlier works to support their approaches.
Maphite Green Bible, Menards Eljer Whirlpool Tub, Cicely Tyson Siblings Still Alive, Jamison Yannucci Obituaries, Meyersdale Basketball Schedule, Articles A