Richard Lobban, Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia, Scarecrow Press, 2004. p.11i. Security forces loyal to the TPLF unexpectedly attack the Northern Command of the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) in Tigray . [81], War crimes were committed by both sides in this conflict. [115], Protests broke out across the country, many from the largest ethnic group, the Oromo, in 2016 demanding an end to human rights abuses and the release of political prisoners. By 1896, the Empire incorporated other regions such as Hararghe, Gurage and Wolayita,[17] and saw its largest expansion with the federation of Eritrea in 1952. Ethiopia profile - Timeline 12 October 2020 A chronology of key events: 2nd century AD - Kingdom of Axum becomes a regional trading power. Pharaonic records indicate this possession of myrrh as early as the First and Second dynasties (31002888 BC), which was also a prized product of the Horn of Africa Region; inscriptions and pictorial reliefs also indicate ivory, panther and other animal skins, myrrh-trees and ostrich feathers from the African coastal belt; and in the Fourth Egyptian Dynasty (27892767 BC) a Puntite is mentioned to be in the service of the son of Cheops, the builder of the Great Pyramid. Emperor Tewodros (or Theodore) II was born Lij Kassa in Qwara, in 1818. During this trip, the Ethiopian mission also travelled to France, Spain and Portugal in the hopes of building an alliance against the Muslim states then threatening Ethiopia's existence. New school buildings were constructed for the Italian colonists. In June, a group of military officers formed the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army also known as the Derg to maintain law and order due to the powerlessness of the civilian government following the widespread mutiny. From 1874 to 1876, the Empire expanded into Eritrea, under Yohannes IV King of Tembien, whose forces led by Ras Alula won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the Egyptian forces at the Battle of Gundet, in Hamasien. The Italians made investments in Ethiopian infrastructure development during their occupation. The occupation government closed all schools operated by the Ethiopian church, or by missionaries. Menelik granted the first railway concession, from the coast at Djibouti (French Somaliland) to the interior, to a French company in 1894. In May 1991, EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa. It was widely practiced in the new territories, and tolerated by the authorities who often owned slaves themselves. Under the early Solomonic dynasty monasticism grew strongly. [100], After a period of civil unrest that began in February 1974, a provisional administrative council of soldiers, known as the Derg ("committee"), seized power from the aging Emperor Haile Selassie I on September 12, 1974, and installed a government that was socialist in name and military in style. One inscription which was found at Axum states that he conquered the nation of the Bogos, and returned thanks to his father, the god Mars, for his victory. Menelik (Menilik) II (1844-1913) was an Ethiopian emperor, who preserved the independence of his people by defeating a major Italian military expedition and who strengthened his kingdom through expansion and political and economic modernization. [105] They were assisted in this invasion by the armed Western Somali Liberation Front. St George: The patron saint of England. The Geez term for these regiments is ewa () while the Amharic term is wa (). The inscriptions depict a trading group bringing back myrrh trees, sacks of myrrh, elephant tusks, incense, gold, various fragmented wood, and exotic animals. The government's failure to effect significant economic and political reforms over the previous fourteen years created a climate of unrest. Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam assumed power as head of state and Derg chairman, after having his two predecessors killed, as well as tens of thousands of other suspected opponents. In July, Emperor Haile Selassie gave the Derg key concessions to arrest military and government officials at every level. After World War II, the Italians were driven out of Ethiopia with the help of the British army. In 1977 and 1978 the government tortured or killed hundreds of thousands of suspected enemies in the Red Terror. 4th century - Christianity becomes state religion. Surely enough, when the British completed their mission and were leaving the country, they rewarded Kassa for his cooperation with artillery, muskets, rifles, and munitions, all in all worth approximately 500,000. Encyclopdia Britannica. Jan 5, 1850. . (1954). Emperor Menelik II was the leader of Ethiopia, and he successfully played European countries against each other while stockpiling weapons for his country. 1 (11thed.). His successor Afonso Mendes was less tactful, and excited the feelings of the people against him and his fellow Europeans. According to the Kebra Nagast, Menelik I founded the Ethiopian empire in the 10thcentury BC. [26], Human occupation in Ethiopia began early, as evidenced by the findings[which?]. Regarded as the origin of humankind, it was, according to Harvard professor Ephraim Isaac about 10,000 years ago, one single nation or. Upon the death of Emperor Susenyos and accession of his son Fasilides in 1633, the Jesuits were expelled and the native religion restored to official status. Genocides in history (before World War I) Ethiopia under Menelik II (18891913), Italian war crimes Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia), resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front, Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa, began a military offensive in the Tigray Region, "Ethiopia: One of the world's fastest growing economies", "Oldest human skeleton offers new clues to evolution", "Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed", "Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago", "Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia", "Mummified baboons shine new light on the lost land of Punt", https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04575c.htm, "Strong's Hebrew: 3568. Emperor Menelik II, the leader of Ethiopia, managed to manipulate the countries against each other in order to stall for time. Nobles came to abuse their positions by making emperors, and encroached upon the succession of the dynasty, by candidates among the nobility itself: e.g. 241f, Hanibal Goitom, "Ethiopian Emperors and Slavery", Hanibal Goitom, "Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia", Amare Asgedom, "Higher education in pre-revolution Ethiopia: Relevance and academic freedom. One was the French physician C.J. Wubit responded by summoning her own Oromo relatives and their considerable forces from Yejju. Constitution of Ethiopia, 4 November 1955, Article 76 (source: The Royal Chronicle of his reign is translated in part by Richard K. P. Pankhurst. Dorrance Publishing. While it was once believed that D'mt was a Sabaean colony, it is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities, and disappeared after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dmt or some other proto-Aksumite state. "Growing up in Ethiopia, fluency in English was considered a mark of progress and elite status." Credit: UNICEF Ethiopia. "'For God, Emperor, and Country!' 2023 BBC. This was pending the return of Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen from medical treatment in Europe when he would assume the throne as a constitutional monarch. In response to Bermudes message, a Portuguese fleet under the command of Estvo da Gama, was sent from India and arrived at Massawa in February 1541. The . Tewodros forged an alliance between Britain and Ethiopia, but as explained in the next section, he committed suicide after a military defeat by the British. Frumentius converted Ezana, who left several inscriptions detailing his reign both before and after his conversion. Finally, on December 20, 2006, active fighting broke out between the ICU and Ethiopian Army. Upon the death of Empress Zauditu in 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen, adopting the throne name Haile Selassie, was crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Iyasu II gave precedence to his mother and allowed her every prerogative as a crowned co-ruler, while his wife Wubit suffered in obscurity. Eritrea became an autonomous part of Ethiopia in 1952, until its war of independence. 1984-85 - Worst famine in a decade strikes; Western food aid sent; thousands forcibly resettled from Eritrea and Tigre. The discovery was made by Gerrard Dekker, a Dutch hydrologist, who found Acheulian stone tools that were over a million years old at the Kella site, near Awash. [21][22] Muslims in the region as well as Adal Sultanate rejected the marriage alliance and repeatedly invaded Ethiopia, finally succeeding under Imam Mahfuz. As the result of the agreement, Abiy Ahmed received the Nobel Peace Prize 2019. In 1989, the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements to form the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). In this remote location, the Empress turned to the Portuguese for military assistance against Ottoman guns. With the deaths of Emperor Iyasu II (1755) and Iyoas I (1769) the realm eventually entered a period of decentralization, known as the "Era of the Princes". 1987 - Col Mengistu elected president under a new constitution. on the death of Emperor Tewoflos, the chief nobles of Ethiopia feared that the cycle of vengeance that had characterized the reigns of Tewoflos and Tekle Haymanot I would continue if a member of the Solomonic dynasty were picked for the throne, so they selected one of their own, Yostos to be negusa nagast (king of kings) however his tenure was brief. [40], Oromo migrations through the same period, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire. They did have the right to worship, and the right not to have their families broken up by sales.[74]. A specific focus on the Congo and Patrice Lumumba would provide a good bookend to the story of Imperialism in Africa. [56] The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver baton, which was considered to have magical properties.[57]. 1868 - Tewodros defeated by a British expeditionary force and commits suicide to avoid capture. Emperor Haile Selassie died under mysterious circumstances on 27 August 1975 while his personal physician was absent. Expeditions by Ezana into the Kingdom of Kush at Meroe in Sudan may have brought about its demise, though there is evidence that the kingdom was experiencing a period of decline beforehand. Succeeded by Foreign Minister Hailemariam Desalegn in September. [39], The Ottomans were checked by Emperor Sarsa Dengel's victory and sacking of Arqiqo in 1589, thus containing them on a narrow coastline strip. The Italian conquest of British Somaliland in August 1940 was successful, but the war turned against Italy afterward. He launches a comprehensive programme of political reform at home and diplomatic bridge-building abroad. He established schools and a number of cities, as well as training institutions and technical schools. The British and Dajazmach Kassa came to an agreement in which Kassa would let the British pass through Tigray (the British were going to Magdala which Tewodros had made his capital) in exchange for money and weapons. They carve . They settled in the cities of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, along the Franco-Ethiopian railway which opened in 1917. The church and state were very closely linked, and they may have had a more theocratic society than the Aksumites or Solomonids, with three Zagwe kings being canonized as saints and one possibly being an ordained priest.[39]. He arrived and shrewdly maneuvered to sideline the two queens and their supporters making a bid for power for himself. [23] Mahfuz's ambush and defeat by Emperor Lebna Dengel brought about the early 16th-century Jihad of the Adalite Imam Ahmed Gran, who was only defeated in 1543 with the help of the Portuguese. [20] Under the rule of Zara Yaqob (14341468), the Hadiya Sultanate was invaded by Ethiopia and the captured Hadiya princess Eleni converted to Christianity leading to her marriage to Zara Yacob. The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology, Donham Donald Donham, Lecturer in Social Anthropology Wendy James, Dr, PhD, Former Senior Lecturer in Mathematics Christopher Clapham, Patrick Manning CUP Archive, Sep 4, 1986, p. 11. Its capital was at Yeha, where a Sabaean style temple was built around 700 BC. Reilly, W. (1908). 1400. . The city of Gondar became the capital in 1636, with several fortified castles built in the town and in its surrounding areas. A more rapid modernisation took place under Menelik II and Haile Selassie. Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to The End of the 18th Century Asmara: Red Sea Press, Inc., 1997. p. 390, Bahrey. [102] The resistance was largely centered in the province of Eritrea. However, the 1973 Wollo famine and domestic discontent led to the fall of the Empire in 1974. Ethiopia sent logistical support to the Transitional Federal Government opposing the Islamists. As land became the prime commodity, its acquisition became the main driving force behind imperialism, especially from the reign of Menelik II onwards. Egyptian traders from about 3000 BC refer to lands south of Nubia or Kush as Punt and Yam. [66], As feudalism became the central tenet in the Ethiopian Empire, it developed into an authoritarian system with institutionalized social inequality. Noah Webster, The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments, in the Common Version, p. xiv. 1994 - New constitution divides Ethiopia into ethnically-based regions. A bronze scepter or wand has been discovered at Atsbi Dera with an inscription mentioning "GDR of Axum". [127][128] According to local media, up to 500 civilians may have been killed in a massacre in the town of Mai Kadra on 9 November 2020. Ethiopia defeated an Egyptian invasion in 1876 and an Italian invasion in 1896 which killed 17,000 Ethiopians,[4] and came to be recognized as a legitimate state by European powers. Emperor Justin I of the Eastern Roman Empire requested that his fellow Christian, Kaleb, help fight the Yemenite king. Ethiopia was reunified in 1855 under Tewodros II, beginning its modern history and his reign was followed by Yohannes IV who was killed in action in 1889. After World War II, Emperor Haile Selassie made numerous efforts to promote the modernization of his nation. 4th century - Christianity becomes state religion.. Toward the end of the 5th century CE, a group of monks known as the Nine Saints are believed to have established themselves in the country. [117], Ethnic violence rose with the political unrest. [69][70] Some estimates for the number of people killed as a result of the conquest go into the millions. He turned his attention to conquering the remaining chief divisions of the country, Gojjam, Tigray and Shewa, which still remained unsubdued. Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic? 1995 - Meles Zenawi assumes post of prime minister. According to the Ethiopian narrative, best represented in the Kebra Nagast, the Queen of Sheba slept with King Solomon and bore a child who was named Ebn Melek (later Emperor Menelik I). On the death of the Ras of Amhara, he attempted to promote his uncle Lubo governor of that province, but the outcry led his advisor Wolde Leul to convince him to change his mind. In 1445, following the Battle of Gomit, the chronicles record that Emperor Zara Yaqob started garrisoning the provinces with Chewa regiments. His mother, Empress Mentewab played a major role in Iyasu's reign, as well as her grandson Iyoas too. Under Emperor Tewodros II, the "Age of the Princes" (Zemene Mesafint) was brought to an end. The Oromo also formed political coalitions with previously subdued people of Ethiopia, including the Sidama people and the locals of Ennarea, Gibe and Kingdom of Damot. He was trained there in Tewodros's service, and then placed in comfortable detention at the fortress of Magdala. 1889 - Addis Ababa becomes Ethiopia's capital. It also saw the dispatching of embassies to Louis XIV's France and to Dutch India. Cush. When he was of age, Menelik returned to Israel to see his father, who ordered the son of Zadok to accompany him back to Ethiopia along with a replica of the Ark of the Covenant (Ethiosemitic: tabot). [114], Meles Zenawi died on 20 August 2012 and was succeeded as prime minister by Hailemariam Desalegn. [8], There have been many other notable fossil findings in the country. After him James Bruce entered the country in 1769, with the object of discovering the sources of the Nile, which he was convinced lay in Ethiopia. Medieval and Other Early Settlements Between Wechecha Range and Mt Yerer", https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false, https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false, Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, The History of Islam in Africa - Google Books", "An Amharic Manuscript on the Mythical History of the Adi kyaz (Dizi, South-West Ethiopia)", "Ethiopia Executes 60 Former Officials, Including 2 Premiers and Military Chief", "The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of "Afaan Oromoo", http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/720181468749078939/pdf/multi-page.pdf, https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=chewa%20ehiopia&pg=PA49, https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2014_num_29_1_1559.pdf, "Feudalism in Ethiopia: A Further Comment on Paradigms and Their Use", "Ethiopia: A Survey on the Existence of a Feudal Peasantry", "Peasants and Feudalism in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia", "The Politics of Banking: The Bank of Abyssinia, 1905-1931", "The Birth and Development of Banking Services in Ethiopia", "Haile Selassie I University - Five Year Plan 1967 - 1971", "An Overview of Ethiopia's Planning Experience", "Industry and Industrialization in Ethiopia: Policy Dynamics and Spatial Distributions", "The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems", "Revised Constitution of the Empire of Ethiopia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Empire&oldid=1152312720, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Amharic-language text, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Regiments at the court, under high court officials, Regiments in the provinces, under regional Rases or other officials, Regiments in border regions, or more autonomous provinces, such as, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 13:29. [77][78] Missionaries were also active in education. 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia. Combined with rising inflation, corruption, a famine that affected several provinces (especially Welo and Tigray) but was concealed from the outside world, and the growing discontent of urban interest groups, the country was ripe for revolution. [49], According to Bahrey,[50] there were ten social groups in the feudal Ethiopia of his time, i.e.
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