WebThe above table shows the approximate relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). 812-855-5809. Khin, A. and Win, K. (1968) Preliminary studies of the paleogeography of Burma during the Cenozoic. This postcard shows the damage effect of different earthquakes On 23rd May 1912, two earthquakes of a magnitude of Mw 8.0 devastated Myanmar. With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. Total damage. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 13, 1-147. For example: "Rio de Janeiro, RJ". Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. However, in practice, a physically based ground-motion measure is needed particularly for engineering purposes. (1956) A comparison of earthquake accelerations with intensity ratings. General panic. Numerous intensity scales have been developed over the last several hundred years. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake. The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. Brainstorm with the students how they might illustrate one of the pages. Slight to moderate damage in well-built, ordinary structures. endobj Paducah, KY: "A number of old brick buildings collapsed during the quake, though most of the newer buildings survived with little damage. M.Sc. }> Y'.a +*(Ezx.8 Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University, Tokyo, 469-482. Let's assume that you remember an earthquake a couple of years ago, which has a magnitude of 7.1. Bender, F. (1983) Geology of Burma. Wholesale destruction. The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Recorded by seismographs. Geological Survey, national and government databases and reports, earthquake and tsunami Krinitzsky, E.L. and Chang, F.K. California's Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 was a 7.1. They make a model of a seismographa measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. We can use scales, rubrics, points, letter and numbers to show the level of something. These data are necessary for earthquake hazard assessments and mitigation efforts. On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. (1958) Elementary seismology. Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. the USGA can use the Mercalli Scale of Intensity to map out ground Furniture moves or overturns. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. and Papazachos, B.C. Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity (g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of 20 cm (8 inches) per second. a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). be found on pg. From a scientific standpoint, the magnitude scale is based on seismic records while the Mercalli is based on observable data which can be subjective. What Should I Do Before, During, and After an Earthquake? Layer the three pieces of white copy paper in one stack with one piece of construction paper on top for the cover. Small objects moved. Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. Use it as the earthquakes' magnitude calculator to compare two earthquakes' magnitudes. The correlation coefficient (R2) for the shown linear regression is 0.9681. Crawl under a sturdy table/desk if nearby. the Mercalli Scale (From Walker, 1982). Freeman, San Francisco, 768. 5), Develop and communicate an evidence based scientific explanation around one or more factors that change Earth's surface The effects of earthquake waves at the surface can be measured using an intensity scale.This is an arbitrary scale based on observations of phenomena such as: The most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. % Did You Feel It? This relationship, if substantiated, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination for earthquake ground shaking posed in or nearby to Myanmar. The last isoseismal map in Myanmar gathered in this study is from the Mawlaik earthquake on 21st March 1954, western Myanmar, which had a magnitude of an assumed 7.0 Richter and generated a ground shaking of VII-VIII on the MMI scale. Then drop, cover, and hold on, as objects may be thrown at you from the side. Thanks for your feedback! Pendulum clocks may stop. It is a 12-point scale, ranging from sites that experience barely perceptible vibration (MM I) to those that experience total devastation (MM XII). Bridges destroyed. Weak plaster and masonry cracks. any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the Circle skirt calculator makes sewing circle skirts a breeze. Accessibility | Privacy Notice However, according to the limitation of the political and economic situation, seismic hazard assessment and action is seemingly not recognized within the top priorities in Myanmar. These are briefly detailed as follows. Pictures fall off walls. Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale? the last several hundred years. fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database, 4360 BC to Present, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931, Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Few structures standing. Do you agree with this alignment? There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. Magnitude scales, like the moment magnitude, measure the size of the earthquake at its source. VIII. ", 21. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. As the same time, on the 4th December 1930, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.3 was also recorded at Toungoo, central Myanmar, with ground shaking intensities in the range of VIIIX. A number of different intensity scales have been set up during the past century and applied to both current and ancient destructive earthquakes. Few, if any, structures standing. (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. In case of no shelter, hold on to your head and neck with both arms and hands. Often, several slightly different magnitudes are reported for an earthquake. Htwe, Y.M.M. II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. Japan, however, is the country where we detect the most earthquakes (because of its dense seismic grid). The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related Seismological Research Letters, 68, 128-153. ", 6. Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively). X. You may want to check this video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center illustrating the incredible differences between different historical earthquakes. Indianapolis, IN: . A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Modified Mercalli scale of earthquake intensity, Observation and interpretation of precursory phenomena, Exploration of the Earths interior with seismic waves, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters. However, for MMI values of equal to or larger than level VI, which mainly represent the destruction of infrastructures or buildings, the same PGA generates a higher MMI level than the other regions. Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. Using one arm, cover your head and neck. Most masonry, frame structures, and their foundations destroyed. NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. Poplar Bluff, MO: "Even commuters driving to work felt the severe quake", 24. Marginal and long-period effects of large earthquakes. Even sports teams have different levels to make sure that teams with the same ability play each other. Vibrations are similar to those caused by the passing of light trucks. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. XII. simulated, basing on either actually recorded or synthesized 3-D digital strong-motion data. Khin and Win [7] reported that the macroseismic intensities were up to a level of VIII in a radius of 150 km from its source. Significant damage was reported to tracks at the new railroad yard. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 11, 387-402. In order not to be biased by this effect, the Modified Mercalli scale attempts to allow for varying effects on different types of construction. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices. You are, in effect, creating a ShakeMap of seismic intensity for this particular earthquake. Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. To protect people from the force of earthquakes, they continually improve the methods used to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. We find out that a magnitude of 7.1 is 20 times bigger (on a seismogram, in terms of amplitudes) and ~89 times stronger (in terms of energy release) than a 5.8 magnitude. Stay inside until the shaking stops. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Some walls may fall. To calculate the moment magnitude, seismologists need to know the seismic moment, M0M_0M0: The seismic moment is found by multiplication of three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip: \mu Shear modulus of the rocks (dyne/cm2), which is the rock's resistance to bending (rock rigidity). destruction, designated by Roman numerals. Understand how a community could use the Mercalli Scale. In this study, it is attempted to develop the relationship between macroseismic intensity, in terms of the MMI scale, and the engineering ground-motion parameter, in terms of the PGA. Comparison of MMI-PGA relationship determined from this study (thick black line) and the others proposed previously for different regions. the amount of movement or energy released. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. Landslides. Wide cracks in ground. 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? They are continuously trying to improve the ways to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. This scale is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based Students also investigate which structural designs are most likely to survive an earthquake. Theodulides, N.P. AAA and DDD are calculated thanks to complex mathematical models predicted by seismograms. A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). New Madrid, MO: "A number of residents noted 'geysers of mud' ejected from the levees adjacent to the Mississippi. Difficult to stand. Changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells. (Grade VI. ", 22. substrate, the buildings, etc.
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